Anthocyanins (ANCs) are naturally occurring water-soluble pigments responsible for conferring red, blue, and purple colors to fruits, vegetables, flowers, and grains. Due to their chemical structure, they are highly susceptible to degradation by external factors, such as pH, light, temperature, and oxygen. Naturally acylated anthocyanins have proven to be more stable in response to external factors and exhibit superior biological effects as compared with their non-acylated analogues. Therefore, synthetic acylation represents a viable alternative to make the application of these compounds more suitable for use. Enzyme-mediated synthetic acylation produces derivatives that are highly similar to those obtained through the natural acylation process, with the main difference between these two pathways being the catalytic site of the enzymes involved in the synthesis; acyltransferases catalyze natural acylation, while lipases catalyze synthetic acylation. In both cases, their active sites perform the addition of carbon chains to the hydroxyl groups of anthocyanin glycosyl moieties. Currently, there is no comparative information regarding natural and enzymatically acylated anthocyanins. In this sense, the aim of this review is to compare natural and enzyme-mediated synthetic acylated anthocyanins in terms of chemical stability and pharmacological activity with a focus on inflammation and diabetes.

Hops essential oil (HEO), a by-product of the brewing industry, has known antibacterial and antifungal properties, but its antiparasitic effects remain underexplored. This study evaluated the cytotoxicity of HEO and its predominant monoterpene, myrcene, in intestinal cells and assessed their ability to reduce Cryptosporidium parvum infection in vitro. The cytotoxicity (IC₅₀) of HEO and myrcene was determined in HCT-8 intestinal cells using flow cytometry and propidium iodide staining after 24 and 48 h of exposure. The anti-Cryptosporidium activity of HEO and myrcene was assessed by infecting confluent HCT-8 cells with C. parvum sporozoites (1 × 10⁴ sporozoites/mL) and treating them with bioactives below their IC₅₀ values. Two treatment modalities were tested: (1) immediate treatment during infection (invasion) and (2) treatment initiated 2 h after infection (growth). Parasite growth was quantified using an immunofluorescence assay with a fluorescence-conjugated anti-Cryptosporidium antibody. HEO exhibited low cytotoxicity (IC₅₀ = 382.7 µg/mL), while myrcene showed higher cytotoxicity (IC₅₀ = 240.6 µg/mL). HEO reduced C. parvum growth in a dose-dependent manner, with IC₅₀ values of 45.8 and 58.7 µg/mL under either modality, respectively. Myrcene alone demonstrated greater anti-Cryptosporidium activity, with IC₅₀ values lower under the invasion modality (17.7 µg/mL) than the growth modality (28.1 µg/mL) on average for both food-grade and analytical standards. HEO and myrcene exhibited significant in vitro anti-Cryptosporidium activity, highlighting their potential as novel therapeutic agents against cryptosporidiosis.