Lectins are a unique group of nonimmune carbohydrate-binding proteins or glycoproteins that exhibit specific and reversible carbohydrate-binding activity in a non-catalytic manner. Lectins have diverse sources and are classified according to their origins, such as plant lectins, animal lectins, and fish lectins. Marine organisms including fish, crustaceans, and mollusks produce a myriad of lectins, including rhamnose binding lectins (RBL), fucose-binding lectins (FTL), mannose-binding lectin, galectins, galactose binding lectins, and C-type lectins. The widely used method of extracting lectins from marine samples is a simple two-step process employing a polar salt solution and purification by column chromatography. Lectins exert several immunomodulatory functions, including pathogen recognition, inflammatory reactions, participating in various hemocyte functions (e.g., agglutination), phagocytic reactions, among others. Lectins can also control cell proliferation, protein folding, RNA splicing, and trafficking of molecules. Due to their reported biological and pharmaceutical activities, lectins have attracted the attention of scientists and industries (i.e., food, biomedical, and pharmaceutical industries). Therefore, this review aims to update current information on lectins from marine organisms, their characterization, extraction, and biofunctionalities.

This study evaluates the effect of probiotics, Zymetin, on the immune efficiency of Macrobrachium rosenbergii juvenile against pathogenic Vibriospp. and Aeromonasspp. The experiment was conducted in glass aquaria with same level of feeding under different treatments, that is, negative control (Cn), positive control with Vibrio spp. (Cv) and Aeromonasspp. (Ca), prawn juveniles fed with probiotics (Zymetin) at 5 g/kg of feed but without pathogen (T1), probiotic fed prawn challenged with Vibrio spp. (T2) and Aeromonasspp. (T3). The results demonstrated that T1 showed higher survival rate, total haemocyte count, non‐granular haemocyte count, phagocytic activity, and clearance efficiency compared to other treatment groups. In contrast, decreased number of small and large granular haemocyte was observed in T1. Despite that, THC was found to be significantly different (p < 0.05) among all the controls and lowest was in Cv, followed by Ca. Besides, phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency against Vibrio spp. and Aeromonasspp. decreased significantly in Cn, Ca, and Cv fed M. rosenbergiijuvenile, while the values were found to be higher in T1 followed by T2 and T3, in that order. In addition, the challenge test showed an increasing trend of total and beneficial bacterial density as well as declining trend of some harmful bacteria in the water and gut of prawn in all the groups tested (p < 0.05).

An experiment using a 4 × 3 factorial design was conducted to evaluate the impact of three commercial probiotics and a control (no probiotic treatment) on the growth, digestive, and immune enzymatic indices of prawns ( Macrobrachium rosenbergii ) at three stocking densities (2, 4, and 6 m ⁻² ). The experiment took place in rectangular earthen ponds with a surface area of 120 m ² and a water depth of 1.5–2.0 m. The prawns in the treatment groups were fed commercial pelleted feed supplemented with probiotics. The results indicated a significant interaction effect on weight gain (WG), daily weight gain (DWG), daily growth rate (DGR), relative growth rate (RGR), specific growth rate (SGR), and survival. Overall, prawns treated with probiotics showed better growth performance compared to nontreated groups. Prawn cultured with P ₁ at a stocking density of 4 m ⁻² had better nutritional value, including higher protein level. The activity of prophenoloxidase (proPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and lipase enzyme was higher in probiotic‐treated groups up to a stocking density of 6 m ⁻² compared to control groups ( p < 0.001). Probiotic P ₁ at stocking densities of 2 and 6 m ⁻² showed a significant interaction effect on the protease activity, with other probiotics also enhancing protease activity compared to control. This study highlights that the growth performance, proximate composition, protease, and lipase activity, as well as proPO and SOD activity, of prawns can be improved through the application of probiotic P ₁ . In conclusion, the study suggests that commercial probiotics enriched with bacterial compositions like P ₁ can be effectively used for culture intensification of prawns.

The invasive alien species (IAS) are widely recognized as a significant threat to marine biodiversity and severely affect ecosystem services. There has been no measurable global assessment of their impacts and routes of introduction. This review highlights some aspects of invasive species and their impacts on the ecosystem in general. For many roots like global transportation, biological pest control, climate changes, and sometimes commercial, invasive species are introduced into the new environments. Afterward, the invasive species are rapidly dominant over the indigenous species because of their first growth, rapid reproduction, ecological competence, and phenotypic plasticity, consequently, altering the structure of Ecosystems and deterring the biological and physical organization of the system. Many policies have been introduced to stop the destruction produced by invasive animals and plants and to prevent upcoming invasions. Some critical components of getting rid of invasion are concern about transporting wildlife to new areas, Ballast water in tankers, aquarium species, and shipping.