The biosynthesized magnesium oxide nanoparticles were pigeon-holed with X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and photoluminescence spectrometer (PLs) and antibacterial activity. Datura stramonium leaves extract has been used in the present work,; which has medicinal value, and we have synthesized magnesium oxide nanoparticles from both chemical and biosynthesis techniques. The XRD result indicates the realization of crystalline magnesium oxide nanoparticles, and again it is also inveterated with an ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer. The superficial morphology expresses that magnesium oxide nanoparticles have a bulbous morphological shape for both biosynthesis and chemosynthesis. The antibacterial activity of magnesium oxide nanoparticles obtained from Datura stramonium leaves against E. coli and S. aureus was studied. The antibacterial activity also shows a good zone of inhibition. Both techniques are promising for the preparations of MgO nanoparticles in antibacterial activity and show the same result. This outcome demonstrates that the biosynthesized nanoparticles originate from having some medicinal uses and are biodegradable.

This research is based on the characterization of khat waste (Catha edulis) through the use of some experimental approaches required to produce a clean, renewable energy source that could enhance our environmental economy as well as our energy security. The objective of this article is to characterize the pyrolysis khat waste in both proximate and ultimate analysis, thermal decomposition (weight loss of khat), and functional categories of khat waste, by using a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to determine the functional group of a sample. We also used an elemental analyzer device (model: Thermo Scientific–EA1112 FLASH CHNS/O analyzer) to measure elemental composition, characterize the proximate analysis of khat, and measure weight loss or thermal behavior of raw khat sample by using a device called thermogravimetric analyzer (TA instrument model: SDT Q600). The determined characterization of the khat sample was 48.25 percent carbon, 6.16 percent hydrogen, 45.13 percent oxygen, and 0.46 percent nitrogen. When compared to coal, khat contains extremely little nitrogen, resulting in less environmental contamination to the air than fossil fuel combustion. The proximate analysis results of the khat sample also showed 5 percent and 5.26 percent moisture content for both wet and dry bases, respectively, as well as 76.3 percent volatile matter, 4.8 percent ash content, and 13.83 percent fixed carbon. The findings are discussed in this research by comparing the final value results with other biomass and coil. The functional group of khat waste was studied using a spectrum of (65 Perkin Elmer) at wavelength ranges of 4000 to 400 cm^-1. The weight loss of the khat sample at 700°C and a heating rate of 20°C/min, as well as the proximate analysis of this raw khat, were 4.5 percent, 75.84 percent, 5.38 percent, and 14.28 percent for moisture, unstable substance, ash content, and static carbon, respectively. The differences between TGA values and the projected proximal value were 10%, 0.6 percent, 9.47 percent, and 3.15 percent for moisture, volatile matter, as content, and fixed carbon, respectively. Overall, the benefit we get from pyrolysis of khat waste is that khat waste has very low nitrogen content and empty sulfur, which is very important for reducing air pollution and environmental sanitation when used as fuel. So from pyrolysis, khat waste types of fuel such as biochar, liquid fuel, and gas fuel can be obtained.

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂₎ nanoparticles with the application of pharmaceutical shrub extract are a hopeful unconventional to the old chemical technique. The investigation is intended to synthesis TiO₂ NPs in biological approach from homegrown plant Kusaayee Lippia adoensis leaf extraction which is widespread therapeutic plant and sophisticated in home parks of Ethiopia, in Oromia region in Dambi Dollo town. The bioprepared TiO₂ nanoparticles written off as by using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and infrared visible spectrum (UV‐Vis) as well as photoluminescence (PL). In addition, this investigation is assessed the antibacterial activities of the prepared TiO₂ nanoparticles in illogicality of medical plus standard anxieties Escherichia coli, Klebsiellae preumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis through the disc dispersal technique. Furthermore of this work, TiO₂ nanoparticles prepared using Lippia adoensis leaf extraction revealed hopeful result in contradiction of in cooperation Gram‐positive (G+) and Gram‐Negative (G‐) bacterial anxieties by means of extreme reserve area of 14 nm and 12 nm, respectively, using uncalcinated system of the prepared TiO₂ nanoparticles.

Fe:TiO₂ nano particles were deposited through sol-gel techniques, and the influence of pH values on structural, morphological, optical, and photoluminescence spectral behaviors was studied. Iron doped titanium dioxide nanopowders were analyzed using XRD, SEM, UVViS, and PL. Nano crystallized samples of titanium dioxide (72nm, 77nm, 78nm, and 83nm) were gained from X-Ray diffraction data and showed that there was the creation of unalloyed anatase and ructile segment with tetragonal configuration. The average crystal size was 77.5nm. pH values provide the alteration of segments from anatase to ructile. The crystal size of prepared iron doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles was greater than before as pH value rises from 2 to 6 while FWHM and scrap sizes declined. Homogeneously disseminated cylindrical forms of iron doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles were perceived from scanning electron microscope graphics and rises in size with growing pH values from 2 to 6 in an acidic medium. Extremely translucent nanopowders are witnessed in the observable region by visible and redshifts near advanced wavelengths with rising pH values because of an increase in the size of particles from XRD data and SEM micrographs. The band gap of energy produced by nano concentrates was reduced with growing pH values that resemble the redshift of optical absorption superiority. The structural behaviors of deposited nanoparticles were also analyzed by Raman spectra and disclosed the existence of tetragonal anatase and ructile segments. EDS results confirmed that the dopant of pH values of the solutions might affect the size distributions of the Fe: TiO₂ nanoparticles. The general decrement intensity was witnessed from photoluminescence outcomes.

Thin films of CBD are formed on metal surfaces from an aqueous solution containing Pb(NO₃)₂ and Na₂O₄Se. The impact of the bath temperature upon lead selenide NPs is analyzed. The evaluation of X‐ray diffraction demonstrates that the produced NPs were polycrystalline with (111) orientation. The morphological analysis of the surface shows that the grains are spherical gemstones. As the bath temperature was raised from 20 to 85 degrees Celsius, the energy bandgap decreased from 2.4 to 1.2 eV, indicating a reduction in the band gap. Micron‐sized nanoparticles produced at 85 degrees Celsius exhibited the best crystallinity and were uniformly spread across the surface of the substrate with excellent particle sizes. If the solution bath temperature increases from 20°C to 85°C, the average strength of PL decreases. The maximum photoluminescence strength is predominantly because of self‐trapped exciton recombination, formed from O₂ vacancy and particle size called defect centers, for the deposited thin films at 45°C and 85°C. The photoluminescence intensity rises sequentially with all temperatures. Therefore, the finest solution temperature is 85 degrees Celsius.

Background. Hepatitis B is a severe, widespread infectious disease of the liver that affects millions of people around the world. It is one of the life-threatening liver infections caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). HBV is the cause of up to 80% of cases of primary liver cancer. Due to the potential risk associated with HBV infection, it is important to study the factors which are associated with the seropositive volunteers. Objective. The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with seropositivity for the hepatitis B virus among volunteers who donated blood at the Jimma Blood Bank in southern Ethiopia. Methods. Cross-sectional research was conducted on blood donors who came to the Jimma Blood Bank to donate their blood. Three hundred and fifty-nine volunteer blood donors who arrived at the Jimma Blood Bank were investigated face-to-face in order to collect sociodemographic characteristics and risk factors for HBV infection. The data were analyzed using statistical software SPSS version 20.0. The association between the risk factor for HBV infection and HBV infection was determined using chi-square tests. Result. In total, there were 359 participants; their mean age was 22.5, among which 161 (44.8%) were males. Out of 359 volunteers, 13 (3.6%) were seropositive for HBsAg. The test positivity rate among males was 7/198 (3.54%), while the rate among females was 6/161 (3.7%). More than 3/4 of those who tested positive were under the age of 40. Chi-square analysis showed that volunteers whose income was between 12 and 26.84 USD were less likely to have the infectious disease than those whose income was less than 11.84 USD per month ( ). Conclusion. The prevalence of HBV was found to be 3.6% among selected volunteers. It was found that, out of 20 volunteers, 13 had infection. Chi-square analysis showed that HBV infection was associated with low monthly income and the use of unsafe therapeutic injections.