In present study the green synthesis of silver oxide nanoparticles has been effectively achieved using novel plant extract Phragmanthera Macrosolen. This method provides sustainable alternative for nanoparticle synthesis, demonstrating the potential of Phragmanthera Macrosolen as a reducing and stabilizing agent in the production of Ag₂O NPs. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized for their structural, morphological, and optical properties, confirming their successful formation and potential applications in various fields. The effects of different pH values and annealing temperature of the samples on the properties of Ag₂O NPs formations, as well as photo-catalytic activities towards Toluidine Blue dye degradations, were studied. Powder XRD reveals that the crystallite natures of Ag₂O NPs a long with crystalline size ranges from 25.85 to 35.90 nm. FIB-SEM and HR-TEM images displayed that the Ag₂O NPs as spherical shapes. UV-vis spectroscopy displayed that Ag₂O NPs belong to a direct-band gap of 2.1–2.6 eV. FTIR- study shown that the green synthesized Ag₂O NPs may be steadied via the interfaces of –OH as well as C = O groups in the carbohydrate, flavonoid, tannin, as well as phenolic acid existing in P. macrosolen L. leaf. The chemical states, electron-hole recombinations and purity of Ag and O in the synthesized Ag₂O NPs were confirmed through X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and PL analysis respectively. Fascinatingly, the synthesized Ag₂O NPs at pH 12 displayed high photo-catalytic degradations for TB dyes. The photo-catalytic degradations of the TB dyes were monitored spectro-photo-metrically in wave-length ranges of 200–900 nm, as well as high efficiency (98.50%) with half-life of 9.5798 min and kinetic rate constant of 0.07234 min⁻¹, was obtained after 45 min of reactions. From this study, it can be concluded that Ag₂O NPs synthesized from Phragmanthera Macrosolen aqueous extract are promising in the remediation of environmental pollution and water treatment. In this light, the study reports that Phragmanthera Macrosolen green synthesis of Ag₂O NPs can effectively address environmental pollution in cost-effective, eco-friendly, and sustainable ways.

Herbal medicines are important for ensuring sustainable development goals (SDGs) in healthcare, particularly in developing countries with high rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and little access to medical facilities. Thymus vulgaris is a widely used herbal medicinal plant known for its secondary metabolites and antimicrobial properties. The present study involved a comprehensive examination of the isolation, characterization, and antibacterial activity of Thymus vulgaris obtained from Ethiopia. The aerial part of the plant Thymus vulgaris was successively extracted with hexane, chloroform, and methanol based on differences in polarity. Phytochemical screening tests conducted against hexane, chloroform and MeOH crude extracts indicated the presence of some secondary metabolites. Based on the thin-layer chromatography tests, the chloroform extract was subjected to column chromatography, yielding Tv-2 compounds, namely 5-isopropyl-2-methylphenol. The structures of the compounds were elucidated via spectroscopic methods (UV-Vis, FT-IR and NMR). We investigated the antibacterial properties of hexane crude extract, chloroform crude extract, MeOH crude extract, and isolated fractions derived from T. vulgaris against various bacterial strains. This study contributes to a better understanding of the bioactive components present in Thymus vulgaris crude extracts and their potential role in tackling microbial infections.

In today’s scenario, composite materials play a vital role in automobile, aerospace, and defence sectors because of their higher strength, light weight and other mechanical properties. Aluminium alloy Al6082 is a medium strength alloy with good corrosion resistance properties; hence, it is used for high-stress applications, bridges, cranes, etc. The present work focuses on comparing the mechanical properties of Al6082 and Al6082 with the addition of silicon nitride, magnesium, and bio waste of eggshells. Samples of Al6082 reinforced with 2% of silicon nitride (Si₃N₄), 5% of eggshell, and 1% magnesium reinforcements were prepared using the crucible casting process. Mechanical properties were evaluated through hardness test, tensile test and compressive tests, which varied with the additives of reinforcement materials. The results showed that the reinforced materials could increase mechanical properties. Further, it will be analysed by the machining parameters involved through the CNC turning process. Analysis of variance from optimisation technique shows a noteworthy increment of material removal rate (MRR) and significant decrement in surface roughness (Ra) and machining time compared to standard aluminium. Additionally, the analysis of mechanical testing has been predicted with the outcomes of stresses and displacements using the ANSYS platform.

The biosynthesized magnesium oxide nanoparticles were pigeon-holed with X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and photoluminescence spectrometer (PLs) and antibacterial activity. Datura stramonium leaves extract has been used in the present work,; which has medicinal value, and we have synthesized magnesium oxide nanoparticles from both chemical and biosynthesis techniques. The XRD result indicates the realization of crystalline magnesium oxide nanoparticles, and again it is also inveterated with an ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer. The superficial morphology expresses that magnesium oxide nanoparticles have a bulbous morphological shape for both biosynthesis and chemosynthesis. The antibacterial activity of magnesium oxide nanoparticles obtained from Datura stramonium leaves against E. coli and S. aureus was studied. The antibacterial activity also shows a good zone of inhibition. Both techniques are promising for the preparations of MgO nanoparticles in antibacterial activity and show the same result. This outcome demonstrates that the biosynthesized nanoparticles originate from having some medicinal uses and are biodegradable.

This research is based on the characterization of khat waste (Catha edulis) through the use of some experimental approaches required to produce a clean, renewable energy source that could enhance our environmental economy as well as our energy security. The objective of this article is to characterize the pyrolysis khat waste in both proximate and ultimate analysis, thermal decomposition (weight loss of khat), and functional categories of khat waste, by using a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to determine the functional group of a sample. We also used an elemental analyzer device (model: Thermo Scientific–EA1112 FLASH CHNS/O analyzer) to measure elemental composition, characterize the proximate analysis of khat, and measure weight loss or thermal behavior of raw khat sample by using a device called thermogravimetric analyzer (TA instrument model: SDT Q600). The determined characterization of the khat sample was 48.25 percent carbon, 6.16 percent hydrogen, 45.13 percent oxygen, and 0.46 percent nitrogen. When compared to coal, khat contains extremely little nitrogen, resulting in less environmental contamination to the air than fossil fuel combustion. The proximate analysis results of the khat sample also showed 5 percent and 5.26 percent moisture content for both wet and dry bases, respectively, as well as 76.3 percent volatile matter, 4.8 percent ash content, and 13.83 percent fixed carbon. The findings are discussed in this research by comparing the final value results with other biomass and coil. The functional group of khat waste was studied using a spectrum of (65 Perkin Elmer) at wavelength ranges of 4000 to 400 cm^-1. The weight loss of the khat sample at 700°C and a heating rate of 20°C/min, as well as the proximate analysis of this raw khat, were 4.5 percent, 75.84 percent, 5.38 percent, and 14.28 percent for moisture, unstable substance, ash content, and static carbon, respectively. The differences between TGA values and the projected proximal value were 10%, 0.6 percent, 9.47 percent, and 3.15 percent for moisture, volatile matter, as content, and fixed carbon, respectively. Overall, the benefit we get from pyrolysis of khat waste is that khat waste has very low nitrogen content and empty sulfur, which is very important for reducing air pollution and environmental sanitation when used as fuel. So from pyrolysis, khat waste types of fuel such as biochar, liquid fuel, and gas fuel can be obtained.

This study investigates the performance of nanorefrigerants (R134a‐ZrO₂) in a domestic refrigerator at a concentration of 0.2 g/l without changing the components. Nanoparticles of ZrO₂ of 0.2 g/L concentration with particle size 1‐10 nm and 140 g of R134a have been charged, and investigations were carried out. Energy consumption and pull‐down tests were conducted to investigate the performance of the refrigerator. The performance parameters like refrigeration capacity, compressor power, discharge temperature, coefficient of performance, and energy consumption were investigated for the nanorefrigerant (R134a‐ZrO₂), and the results were compared with base refrigerant R134a. The pull downtime, energy consumption, and discharge temperature are reduced with increased COP and compressor power when the system is operated with R134a‐ZrO₂ nanorefrigerant. Also, the thermophysical properties of the nanorefrigerant (R134a‐ZrO₂) are calculated and analyzed for the various volume fraction of nanoparticles.