Cavitating flow dynamics are investigated in an axisymmetric converging–diverging Venturi nozzle. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) results are compared with those from previous experiments. New analysis performed on the quantitative results from both datasets reveals a coherent trend and shows that the simulations and experiments agree well. The CFD results have confirmed the interpretation of the high-speed images of the Venturi flow, which indicated that there are two vapor shedding mechanisms that exist under different running conditions: re-entrant jet and condensation shock. Moreover, they provide further details of the flow mechanisms that cannot be extracted from the experiments. For the first time with this cavitating Venturi nozzle, the re-entrant jet shedding mechanism is reliably achieved in CFD simulations. The condensation shock shedding mechanism is also confirmed, and details of the process are presented. These CFD results compare well with the experimental shadowgraphs, space–time plots, and time-averaged reconstructed computed tomography slices of vapor fraction.

This paper introduces a novel theoretical model of ternary nanoparticles for the improvement of heat transmission. Ternary nanoparticles in a heat conductor are shown in this model. Ternary nanoparticles consist of three types of nanoparticles with different physical properties, and they are suspended in a base fluid. Analytical solutions for the temperature and velocity fields are found by using the Laplace transform approach and are modeled by using a novel fractional operator. As a result, the ternary nanoparticles are identified, and an improved heat transfer feature is observed. Further experimental research on ternary nanoparticles is being carried out in anticipation of a faster rate of heat transmission. According to the graphed data, ternary nanoparticles have greater thermal conductivity than that of hybrid nanoparticles. Moreover, the fractional approach based on the Fourier law is a more reliable and efficient way of modeling the heat transfer problem than the artificial approach. The researchers were driven to create a concept of existing nanoparticles in order to boost heat transfer, since there is a strong demand in the industry for a cooling agent with improved heat transfer capabilities.