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Eli D. Lazarus
Environmental Dynamics Lab, School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK

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Preprint content
Published: 04 May 2021
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The long, open-ended period of recovery from a disaster event is the phase of a disaster that the interdisciplinary field of disaster studies struggles to understand. In the process of rebuilding, places do not simply reset – they transform, often in ways that confound any reduction of disaster risk, instead making people and settings more vulnerable to future hazard events. Reducing disaster risk is regarded as a global priority, but policies intended to reduce disaster risk have been largely ineffective. This obduracy represents a grand challenge in disaster studies. Here, I propose that the correlated trends of runaway economic costs of disaster events, growing social inequity, environmental degradation, and resistance to policy intervention in disaster settings are hallmark indicators of a system trap – a dynamic in which self-reinforcing feedbacks drive a system toward an undesirable and seemingly inescapable state, with negative consequences that tend to amplify each other over time. I offer that these trends in disaster settings are the collective expression of an especially powerful and distinct kind of system trap, which here I term the

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Eli Lazarus. The disaster trap. 2021, 1 .

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Eli Lazarus. The disaster trap. . 2021; ():1.

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Eli Lazarus. 2021. "The disaster trap." , no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 09 April 2021
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There are nearly 300 barrier islands between Maine and Texas, and of these, at least 70 are intensively developed. Mean population density along the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf coasts are the highest in the country. Such concentrated development exists and continues despite the fact that barrier islands are transient landscapes, not only over geologic time scales of millennia but also within human and economic time scales of centuries to decades. Populated barrier islands are inherently vulnerable to natural hazards such as sea-level rise, cumulative erosion, and storm events; this vulnerability drives humans to actively modify barrier geometry and environments. The most common manipulations are beach nourishment, to mitigate shoreline erosion, and increases to dune height or seawall construction to prevent flooding and damage from overwash during storm events. Over time scales of years to decades, hazard-mitigation actions impact natural, spatio-temporal barrier processes such as washover deposition and planform transgression, which in turn affect future efforts to manage, control, or prevent barrier change. Through their maintenance and persistence, interventions against coastal hazards represent a significant dynamical component of developed barrier-island system evolution, such that, within the past century, human actions and natural barrier-island processes have become dynamically coupled. This coupling leads to steady-state barrier island behaviors that are fundamentally new. The only way to understand how developed barrier islands will respond to climate change over decadal time scales is to treat these settings as strongly coupled human–natural systems. Over time scales longer than centuries, human interventions may be coupled only weakly to long-term barrier dynamics. Short of major technological advancements or sweeping decisions to transform these environments into comprehensively geoengineered terrains, high-density development on U.S. barrier islands will likely cease to exist in its current configuration.

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Dylan McNamara; Eli Lazarus. Barrier islands as coupled human–landscape systems. 2021, 1 .

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Dylan McNamara, Eli Lazarus. Barrier islands as coupled human–landscape systems. . 2021; ():1.

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Dylan McNamara; Eli Lazarus. 2021. "Barrier islands as coupled human–landscape systems." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 09 March 2021 in Earth's Future
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Extreme geohazard events can change landscape morphology by redistributing huge volumes of sediment. Event‐driven sediment deposition is typically studied in unbuilt settings – despite the ubiquity of occurrence and high economic cost of these geohazard impacts in built environments. Moreover, sedimentary consequences of extreme events in built settings tend to go unrecorded because they are rapidly cleared, at significant expense, from streets and roads to facilitate emergency response. Reducing disaster costs requires an ability to predict disaster impacts, which itself requires comprehensive measurement and study of the physical consequences of geohazard events. Here, using a database of post‐storm aerial imagery, we measure plan‐view geometric characteristics of sandy washover deposits in built and unbuilt settings following five different hurricane strikes along the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of the US since 2011. We identify systematic similarities and differences between washover morphology in built and unbuilt environments, which we further explore with a simplified numerical model. Our findings suggest that spatial characteristics of the built environment (termed "fabric") – specifically, the built fraction of the depositional zone – exerts a fundamental control on the form of large deposits. Accounting for the influence of built fabric on the morphodynamics of flow‐driven geohazards is a tractable step toward improved forecasts of hazard impacts and disaster risk reduction.

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Eli D. Lazarus; Evan B. Goldstein; Luke A. Taylor; Hannah E. Williams. Comparing Patterns of Hurricane Washover into Built and Unbuilt Environments. Earth's Future 2021, 9, 1 .

AMA Style

Eli D. Lazarus, Evan B. Goldstein, Luke A. Taylor, Hannah E. Williams. Comparing Patterns of Hurricane Washover into Built and Unbuilt Environments. Earth's Future. 2021; 9 (3):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eli D. Lazarus; Evan B. Goldstein; Luke A. Taylor; Hannah E. Williams. 2021. "Comparing Patterns of Hurricane Washover into Built and Unbuilt Environments." Earth's Future 9, no. 3: 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2021 in Anthropocene Coasts
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Despite being exceptional concentrations of valuable economic assets, yachts and marinas are typically overlooked in the geography of coastal risk. Focusing on the Mediterranean, which hosts the majority of the world’s yacht activity, we examine three decades of yacht insurance claims in the context of natural hazards and marina development. We find indications that yachts and marinas manifest the same generic relationships between exposure, hazard, and vulnerability observed in terrestrial coastal-risk systems. Given the fundamental importance of yachts and marinas to nautical tourism and strategies for “Blue Economy” growth, particularly in Europe, the role of yachts and marinas in the dynamics of coastal risk must be better understood—but any such insight will first require standardised, comprehensive datasets of yacht movements and marina infrastructure.

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Eli D. Lazarus; Leonidas A. Ziros. Yachts and marinas as hotspots of coastal risk. Anthropocene Coasts 2021, 4, 61 -76.

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Eli D. Lazarus, Leonidas A. Ziros. Yachts and marinas as hotspots of coastal risk. Anthropocene Coasts. 2021; 4 (1):61-76.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eli D. Lazarus; Leonidas A. Ziros. 2021. "Yachts and marinas as hotspots of coastal risk." Anthropocene Coasts 4, no. 1: 61-76.

Preprint content
Published: 17 December 2020
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In the UK, coastal flooding and erosion are two of the primary climate-related hazards to communities, businesses, and infrastructure. To better address the ramifications of those hazards, now and into the future, the UK needs to transform its scattered, fragmented coastal data resources into a systematic, integrated, quality-controlled, openly accessible data portal. Such a portal would support analyses of coastal risk and resilience by hosting, in addition to data layers for coastal flooding and erosion, a diverse array of spatial datasets for building footprints, infrastructure networks, land use, population, and various socio-economic measures and indicators derived from survey and census data. Rather than prescribe user engagement, the portal would facilitate novel combinations of spatial data layers in order to yield scientifically, societally, and economically beneficial insights into UK coastal systems.

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Eli Lazarus; Sofia Aldabet; Charlotte E L Thompson; Chris T Hill; Robert J Nicholls; Jon R French; Sally Brown; Emma L Tompkins; Ivan D Haigh; Ian H Townend; Edmund C Penning-Rowsell. The UK needs an open data portal dedicated to coastal flood and erosion hazard risk and resilience. 2020, 1 .

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Eli Lazarus, Sofia Aldabet, Charlotte E L Thompson, Chris T Hill, Robert J Nicholls, Jon R French, Sally Brown, Emma L Tompkins, Ivan D Haigh, Ian H Townend, Edmund C Penning-Rowsell. The UK needs an open data portal dedicated to coastal flood and erosion hazard risk and resilience. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eli Lazarus; Sofia Aldabet; Charlotte E L Thompson; Chris T Hill; Robert J Nicholls; Jon R French; Sally Brown; Emma L Tompkins; Ivan D Haigh; Ian H Townend; Edmund C Penning-Rowsell. 2020. "The UK needs an open data portal dedicated to coastal flood and erosion hazard risk and resilience." , no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 02 December 2020
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Resilience is widely seen as an important attribute of coastal systems and, as a concept, is increasingly prominent in policy documents. However, there are conflicting ideas on what constitutes resilience and its operationalisation as an overarching principle of coastal management remains limited. In this paper, we show how resilience to coastal flood and erosion hazard could be measured and applied within policy processes, using England as a case study. We define resilience pragmatically, in economic, environmental and social terms, integrating what is presently a disparate set of policy objectives for coastal areas. Our definition includes several dimensions of resilience and we develop a set of composite indicators for each of these, grounded empirically with reference to national geospatial datasets. A prototype model has been developed, which generates a quantitative resilience index for a given geographical unit (England’s coastal hazard zone being represented at a high spatial resolution, about 8,000 areal units). A range of different stakeholder perspectives are captured using relative indicator weightings. The illustrative results presented here demonstrate the practicality of formalising and quantifying resilience, and the insights obtained mainly concern this process of operationalisation. To re-focus national policy around the stated desire of enhancing resilience to coastal flooding and erosion would require firm commitment from government to develop an approach to monitor progress towards resilience, extending the present risk-based approach. This requires a consensus methodology in which stakeholder values are explicitly considered, and also requires incentives for coastal managers to engage with and apply this new approach. Such a transition would challenge existing governance arrangements at national and local levels, requiring more integration and inter-agency cooperation. However, it could provide a robust evidence-based framework for achieving more sustainable, equitable and societally acceptable adaptive responses to climate change at the coast.

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Ian H Townend; Jon R French; Robert J Nicholls; Sally Brown; Stephen Carpenter; Ivan D Haigh; Chris T Hill; Eli Lazarus; Edmund C Penning-Rowsell; Charlotte E L Thompson; Emma L Tompkins. Operationalising coastal resilience to flood and erosion hazard: A demonstration for England. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Ian H Townend, Jon R French, Robert J Nicholls, Sally Brown, Stephen Carpenter, Ivan D Haigh, Chris T Hill, Eli Lazarus, Edmund C Penning-Rowsell, Charlotte E L Thompson, Emma L Tompkins. Operationalising coastal resilience to flood and erosion hazard: A demonstration for England. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ian H Townend; Jon R French; Robert J Nicholls; Sally Brown; Stephen Carpenter; Ivan D Haigh; Chris T Hill; Eli Lazarus; Edmund C Penning-Rowsell; Charlotte E L Thompson; Emma L Tompkins. 2020. "Operationalising coastal resilience to flood and erosion hazard: A demonstration for England." , no. : 1.

Erratum
Published: 12 May 2020 in Water
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The authors wish to make the following erratum to this paper

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Gerd Masselink; Eli D Lazarus. Erratum: Masselink, G.; Lazarus, E.D. Defining Coastal Resilience. Water 2019, 11, 2587. Water 2020, 12, 1368 .

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Gerd Masselink, Eli D Lazarus. Erratum: Masselink, G.; Lazarus, E.D. Defining Coastal Resilience. Water 2019, 11, 2587. Water. 2020; 12 (5):1368.

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Gerd Masselink; Eli D Lazarus. 2020. "Erratum: Masselink, G.; Lazarus, E.D. Defining Coastal Resilience. Water 2019, 11, 2587." Water 12, no. 5: 1368.

Preprint content
Published: 23 March 2020
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Overwash is a key mechanism controlling the flux of sediment from the front of a barrier island to the top and back of an island during a storm event. The process is essential for barrier environments to maintain their height and width relative to sea level. Barrier topography and vegetation – and also road networks and buildings – can direct overwash flow, and thus the shape and size of sedimentary deposits that overwash leaves behind. Controls on overwash deposition have been examined more closely in natural settings than in developed zones. But overwash poses a major hazard to coastal infrastructure, and accurate prediction of storm impacts requires quantitative insight into the dynamics of overwash morphology in built settings. Here, we compare barrier floodplain controls across a range of spatial "fabrics", both natural and built (e.g., sparse to dense vegetation coverage; sparse to dense configurations of roads and buildings), to explore how these fabrics affect scaling relationships for overwash morphology. Integrating empirical measurements from post-storm imagery, trials of an analogue model in a small experimental basin, and results from a numerical toy model, we identify thresholds at which floodplain fabrics cause scaling relationships to change, or "break". Our findings illustrate a continuum in overwash pattern formation between endogenous self-organisation and exogenous forcing templates, and set up further inquiry into the dynamics of flood deposition in built environments.

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Hannah Williams; Luke Taylor; Evan Goldstein; Eli Lazarus. Controls on coastal overwash morphology in natural and built environments. 2020, 1 .

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Hannah Williams, Luke Taylor, Evan Goldstein, Eli Lazarus. Controls on coastal overwash morphology in natural and built environments. . 2020; ():1.

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Hannah Williams; Luke Taylor; Evan Goldstein; Eli Lazarus. 2020. "Controls on coastal overwash morphology in natural and built environments." , no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 23 March 2020
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Highly sinuous meandering channels are common landforms in fluvial and coastal environments. As meanders migrate laterally, driven by sediment erosion and deposition along their outer and inner banks, respectively, they eventually cut off, leaving behind the characteristic crescent-shaped morphologies of scroll-bars and oxbow lakes. Oxbows are particularly important not only from ecological perspectives, for the diverse habitats they provide, but also because they retain signatures of the flow characteristics that shaped them, thus allowing for paleoflow reconstruction.

While alluvial plains carved by meandering rivers are littered with scars of meander cutoffs, tidal coastal settings have been perceived by geomorphologists for much of the past century as lacking morphological evidence of active meandering – even though both environments exhibit similar meander-planform dynamics and width-adjusted migration rates.

Here we analyze the planform characteristics and evolution of meander cutoffs from a variety of fluvial and tidal landscapes around the world. We combine field observations and remotely sensed data to track the abandonment of individual meander bends and the subsequent progressive infill and vegetation colonization of the meander cutoffs.

We show that tidal-meander cutoffs tend to be symmetric in planform, seldom disconnected from their parent channel, and fill up as much as 10 times more rapidly than neck cutoffs formed by meandering rivers.

We suggest that cutoffs in tidal meanders are far more widespread than previously thought, and that their supposed paucity is explained by several processes typical of tidal landscapes that collectively militate against the formation and preservation of meander oxbows after cutoff.

These results have important implications for the conservation and restoration of critically endangered coastal environments, as well as for better assessing the capacity of tidal wetlands to store large amounts of blue carbon.

ACS Style

Alvise Finotello; Andrea D'alpaos; Eli D. Lazarus; Massimiliano Ghinassi; Andrea Rinaldo. Meander cutoffs in tidal coastal landscapes: rare of everywhere? 2020, 1 .

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Alvise Finotello, Andrea D'alpaos, Eli D. Lazarus, Massimiliano Ghinassi, Andrea Rinaldo. Meander cutoffs in tidal coastal landscapes: rare of everywhere? . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alvise Finotello; Andrea D'alpaos; Eli D. Lazarus; Massimiliano Ghinassi; Andrea Rinaldo. 2020. "Meander cutoffs in tidal coastal landscapes: rare of everywhere?" , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 21 January 2020 in Earth Surface Dynamics
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Allometry refers to a physical principle in which geometric (and/or metabolic) characteristics of an object or organism are correlated to its size. Allometric scaling relationships typically manifest as power laws. In geomorphic contexts, scaling relationships are a quantitative signature of organization, structure, or regularity in a landscape, even if the mechanistic processes responsible for creating such a pattern are unclear. Despite the ubiquity and variety of scaling relationships in physical landscapes, the emergence and development of these relationships tend to be difficult to observe – either because the spatial and/or temporal scales over which they evolve are so great or because the conditions that drive them are so dangerous (e.g. an extreme hazard event). Here, we use a physical experiment to examine dynamic allometry in overwash morphology along a model coastal barrier. We document the emergence of a canonical scaling law for length versus area in overwash deposits (washover). Comparing the experimental features, formed during a single forcing event, to 5 decades of change in real washover morphology from the Ria Formosa barrier system, in southern Portugal, we find differences between patterns of morphometric change at the event scale versus longer timescales. Our results may help inform and test process-based coastal morphodynamic models, which typically use statistical distributions and scaling laws to underpin empirical or semi-empirical parameters at fundamental levels of model architecture. More broadly, this work dovetails with theory for landscape evolution more commonly associated with fluvial and alluvial terrain, offering new evidence from a coastal setting that a landscape may reflect characteristics associated with an equilibrium or steady-state condition even when features within that landscape do not.

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Eli D. Lazarus; Kirstin L. Davenport; Ana Matias. Dynamic allometry in coastal overwash morphology. Earth Surface Dynamics 2020, 8, 37 -50.

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Eli D. Lazarus, Kirstin L. Davenport, Ana Matias. Dynamic allometry in coastal overwash morphology. Earth Surface Dynamics. 2020; 8 (1):37-50.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eli D. Lazarus; Kirstin L. Davenport; Ana Matias. 2020. "Dynamic allometry in coastal overwash morphology." Earth Surface Dynamics 8, no. 1: 37-50.

Journal article
Published: 13 January 2020 in Nature Sustainability
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Eli Lazarus. Money beats the ocean. Nature Sustainability 2020, 3, 7 -8.

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Eli Lazarus. Money beats the ocean. Nature Sustainability. 2020; 3 (1):7-8.

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Eli Lazarus. 2020. "Money beats the ocean." Nature Sustainability 3, no. 1: 7-8.

Review
Published: 08 December 2019 in Water
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The concept of resilience has taken root in the discourse of environmental management, especially regarding Building with Nature strategies for embedding natural physical and ecological dynamics into engineered interventions in developed coastal zones. Resilience is seen as a desirable quality, and coastal management policy and practice are increasingly aimed at maximising it. Despite its ubiquity, resilience remains ambiguous and poorly defined in management contexts. What is coastal resilience? And what does it mean in settings where natural environmental dynamics have been supplanted by human-dominated systems? Here, we revisit the complexities of coastal resilience as a concept, a term, and a prospective goal for environmental management. We consider examples of resilience in natural and built coastal environments, and offer a revised, formal definition of coastal resilience with a holistic scope and emphasis on systemic functionality: “Coastal resilience is the capacity of the socioeconomic and natural systems in the coastal environment to cope with disturbances, induced by factors such as sea level rise, extreme events and human impacts, by adapting whilst maintaining their essential functions.” Against a backdrop of climate change impacts, achieving both socioeconomic and natural resilience in coastal environments in the long-term (>50 years) is very costly. Cost trade-offs among management aims and objectives mean that enhancement of socioeconomic resilience typically comes at the expense of natural resilience, and vice versa. We suggest that for practical purposes, optimising resilience might be a more realistic goal of coastal zone management.

ACS Style

Gerd Masselink; Eli D Lazarus. Defining Coastal Resilience. Water 2019, 11, 2587 .

AMA Style

Gerd Masselink, Eli D Lazarus. Defining Coastal Resilience. Water. 2019; 11 (12):2587.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gerd Masselink; Eli D Lazarus. 2019. "Defining Coastal Resilience." Water 11, no. 12: 2587.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2019 in Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface
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Low‐lying, wave‐dominated, sandy coastlines can exhibit high rates of shoreline change that may impact coastal infrastructure, habitation, recreation, and economy. Efforts to understand and quantify controls on shoreline change typically examine factors such as sea‐level rise; anthropogenic modifications; geologic substrate, nearshore bathymetry, and regional geography; and sediment grain size. The role of shoreline planform curvature, however, tends to be overlooked. Theoretical and numerical‐model considerations indicate that incident offshore waves interacting with even subtle shoreline curvature can drive gradients in net alongshore sediment flux that can cause significant erosion or accretion. However, these predictions or assumptions have not often been tested against observations, especially over large spatial and temporal scales. Here, we examined the correlation between shoreline curvature and shoreline‐change rates for spatially extended segments of the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf Coasts (~1700 km total). Where shoreline stabilization (nourishment or hard structures) does not dominate the shoreline‐change signal, we find a significant negative correlation between shoreline curvature and shoreline‐change rates (i.e. convex‐seaward curvature (promontories) is associated with shoreline erosion, and concave‐seaward curvature (embayments) with accretion) at spatial scales of 1–5 km alongshore and time scales of decades to centuries. This indicates that shoreline changes observed in these reaches can be explained in part by gradients in alongshore sediment flux acting to smooth spatial variations in shoreline curvature. Our results suggest that shoreline curvature should be included as a key variable in modelling and risk assessment of coastal change on wave‐dominated, sandy coastlines.

ACS Style

R. Lauzon; A. B. Murray; S. Cheng; J. Liu; K. D. Ells; E. D. Lazarus. Correlation Between Shoreline Change and Planform Curvature on Wave‐Dominated, Sandy Coasts. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 2019, 124, 3090 -3106.

AMA Style

R. Lauzon, A. B. Murray, S. Cheng, J. Liu, K. D. Ells, E. D. Lazarus. Correlation Between Shoreline Change and Planform Curvature on Wave‐Dominated, Sandy Coasts. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface. 2019; 124 (12):3090-3106.

Chicago/Turabian Style

R. Lauzon; A. B. Murray; S. Cheng; J. Liu; K. D. Ells; E. D. Lazarus. 2019. "Correlation Between Shoreline Change and Planform Curvature on Wave‐Dominated, Sandy Coasts." Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 124, no. 12: 3090-3106.

Journal article
Published: 12 November 2019 in Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences
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Despite interventions intended to reduce impacts of coastal hazards, the risk of damage along the US Atlantic coast continues to rise. This reflects a long-standing paradox in disaster science: even as physical and social insights into disaster events improve, the economic costs of disasters keep growing. Risk can be expressed as a function of three components: hazard, exposure, and vulnerability. Risk may be driven up by coastal hazards intensifying with climate change, or by increased exposure of people and infrastructure in hazard zones. But risk may also increase because of interactions, or feedbacks, between hazard, exposure, and vulnerability. Using empirical records of shoreline change, valuation of owner-occupied housing, and beach-nourishment projects to represent hazard, exposure, and vulnerability, here we present a data-driven model that describes trajectories of risk at the county scale along the US Atlantic coast over the past 5 decades. We also investigate quantitative relationships between risk components that help explain these trajectories. We find higher property exposure in counties where hazard from shoreline change has appeared to reverse from high historical rates of shoreline erosion to low rates in recent decades. Moreover, exposure has increased more in counties that have practised beach nourishment intensively. The spatio-temporal relationships that we show between exposure and hazard, and between exposure and vulnerability, indicate a feedback between coastal development and beach nourishment that exemplifies the “safe development paradox”, in which hazard protections encourage further development in places prone to hazard impacts. Our findings suggest that spatially explicit modelling efforts to predict future coastal risk need to address feedbacks between hazard, exposure, and vulnerability to capture emergent patterns of risk in space and time.

ACS Style

Scott B. Armstrong; Eli D. Lazarus. Reconstructing patterns of coastal risk in space and time along the US Atlantic coast, 1970–2016. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 2019, 19, 2497 -2511.

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Scott B. Armstrong, Eli D. Lazarus. Reconstructing patterns of coastal risk in space and time along the US Atlantic coast, 1970–2016. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 2019; 19 (11):2497-2511.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Scott B. Armstrong; Eli D. Lazarus. 2019. "Reconstructing patterns of coastal risk in space and time along the US Atlantic coast, 1970–2016." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 19, no. 11: 2497-2511.

Preprint content
Published: 15 October 2019
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Eli D Lazarus. Review – CEM2D (Leach et al). 2019, 1 .

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Eli D Lazarus. Review – CEM2D (Leach et al). . 2019; ():1.

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Eli D Lazarus. 2019. "Review – CEM2D (Leach et al)." , no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 01 October 2019
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Eli D Lazarus. Initial reply to R1. 2019, 1 .

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Eli D Lazarus. Initial reply to R1. . 2019; ():1.

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Eli D Lazarus. 2019. "Initial reply to R1." , no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 01 October 2019
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Eli D Lazarus. Initial reply to R2. 2019, 1 .

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Eli D Lazarus. Initial reply to R2. . 2019; ():1.

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Eli D Lazarus. 2019. "Initial reply to R2." , no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 01 October 2019
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Eli D Lazarus. Initial reply to R3. 2019, 1 .

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Eli D Lazarus. Initial reply to R3. . 2019; ():1.

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Eli D Lazarus. 2019. "Initial reply to R3." , no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 16 September 2019
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Eli D Lazarus. R2R (part I). 2019, 1 .

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Eli D Lazarus. R2R (part I). . 2019; ():1.

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Eli D Lazarus. 2019. "R2R (part I)." , no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 16 September 2019
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Eli D Lazarus. R2R (part II). 2019, 1 .

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Eli D Lazarus. R2R (part II). . 2019; ():1.

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Eli D Lazarus. 2019. "R2R (part II)." , no. : 1.