Previous experimental models on cows have examined the difference in the metabolic adaptation in cows after niacin administration, without identifying the most important mediators between niacin administration and its biological effects, namely active forms of niacin. All tissues in the body convert absorbed niacin into its main metabolically active form, the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP). The aim of this study was to determine the influence of niacin administration in periparturient period on NAD, NADP and the NAD:NADP ratio and to determine relationship between these indicators of an active form of niacin with metabolic parameters in cow blood. The study included 90 healthy cows: 45 cows receiving niacin and 45 cows were negative control. The niacin group was treated with nicotinic acid for two weeks before, as well as two weeks after parturition. Nicotinic acid was applied per os with feed. In cows receiving niacin, there was a significantly higher concentration of NAD and NADP, but the NAD:NADP ratio did not differ compared with control. All three indicators were able to separate cows who received and who did not receive additional niacin. NAD and NADP are good indicators of the availability of niacin from additional sources. The NAD:NADP ratio is a good indicator of the biological effect of applied niacin on metabolites in cows due to its correlation with a number of metabolites: positive correlation with glucose, insulin, glucose to insulin ratio and the revised quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (RQUICKIBHB) of insulin resistance, triglycerides and cholesterol, and a negative correlation with nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA), beta hydroxybutyrate (BHB), gamma-glutamyltranspherase (GGT) and urea in cows receiving niacin. The same amount of added niacin in feed can produce different concentrations of NAD, NADP and NAD:NADP in the blood, and this was not related to their concentration before the addition of niacin. The change in the concentration of the active form of niacin (NAD, NADP and NAD:NADP) further correlates with the concentration of metabolic parameters, which indicates that the intensity of the biological effect of additional niacin can be accurately determined only if we know the concentrations of its active forms in blood. Under basal conditions (without additional niacin), active forms of niacin that already exist in the blood do not show significant correlations with metabolic parameters.

Prolapse of the gland of the third eyelid “cherry eye” is caused by defects in the attachments between the third eyelid gland and periorbita. In this study, the aim was to evaluate the characteristics of cases and clinical outcomes of Morgan’s pocket technique in the treatment of dogs with prolapse of the gland of the third eyelid. In this context, the characteristics of the cases were examined in 12 dogs diagnosed with “cherry eye”. The breeds were Cane Corso, Beagle, Shih Tzus, Maltese, Central Asian Shepherd Dog and mixed breed. All dogs underwent surgical treatment with Morgan’s pocket technique, and the clinical results, recurrence and complications were evaluated in all 12 dogs (20 eyes).The success rate of the 12 patients (20 eyes) without recurrence was 100% (12 cases). The complication rate in terms of infection was 8% (one eye). Based on the results of this study, it was concluded that the Morgan’s pocket technique can be considered a reliable procedure for the repositioning of a prolapsed gland of the third eyelid. This technique is easily applicable with a high success rate. Due to the low recurrence and complication rates, it can be considered a highly reliable technique.

The periparturient period in cows is associated with metabolic stress and a state of negative energy balance, which are characterized by increased lipolysis, ketogenesis, hepatic steatosis, oxidative stress and insulin resistance. Such metabolic changes may exert adverse effects on the health and milk yield of lactating cows. The pharmacokinetics of niacin in ruminants is specific as rumen microorganisms facilitate both the synthesis of tryptophan and the degradation of niacin. Niacin administration to cows leads to an increase in the coenzyme activity, encompassing the activity of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP). These coenzymes are actively involved in the metabolism of lipids and carbohydrates, whereas NAD protects the organism from oxidative stress. In periparturient cows, the supplementation of niacin has been found to induce depressed lipolysis and a limited impact of nonesterified fatty acids on all metabolic processes. It also results in decreased lipid peroxidation regardless of the magnitude of lipolysis in the periparturient period. Furthermore, niacin reduces the concentration of ketone bodies, thus preventing the development of fatty lever disease and ketosis in cows. The anti-inflammatory effect of niacin is manifested in stimulating the secretion of adiponectin and inhibiting immune cells.

Providing stable milk production is one of the priorities in dairy cattle. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between milk production and endocrine and metabolic parameters and to determine whether homeoresis and unfavorable metabolic adaptation affecting milk production during early lactation. The experiment included 40 Holstein cows. The blood was taken during the first week of lactation, and is determined by the glucose concentration, Ca, and BHB bilirubin. Milk production was monitored in first 8 weeks of lactation. The results show that cows with lower values of insulin and higher values of cortisol and STH have higher milk production in the first weeks of lactation. However, these relationships are not easy and apparently are caused by other factors, and depend on the week in which we investigated the concentrations of the hormones themselves. When cows classified according to the metabolic status, so to compare milk production between cows with unfavorable and favorable metabolic status at the result showing that cows who have an unfavorable metabolic status (lower concentrations of glucose and calcium and higher BHB and bilirubin concentration) showed lower milk production. Impact of endocrine and metabolic status on milk production has been determined. A relationship between hormones, metabolites, and milk production is complex and must be interpreted within the concept of homeostasis and homeoresis or biological capacity of cows to adjust to lactation but also to maintain the continuity of the body.

In veterinary medicine, rapid and accurate diagnosis is crucial for early therapy application, disease dissemination and animal and public health prevention. On the other hand, developing countries are challenged with implementing modern diagnosis methods and expensive equipment. This review should provide consensus in formation about the Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) method and its application possibilities in veterinary science. Different assays and variations of LAMP have evolved through the years in distinct sectors such as: animal husbandry, food safety and sustainable food systems, and primarily as a diagnostic tool for the rapid detection and identification of several etiological agents significant to veterinary medicine. The method relies on nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) amplification followed by specific sequence detection. For this purpose, both clinical and environmental samples are considered. In particular, animal blood, urine, feces, tissue, and swabs are processed adequately. The main advantage of LAMP over conventional molecular methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is its simplicity of performance. As an isothermal method, LAMP is carried out in a constantin cubation temperature (around 60 oC), which excludes the usage of complex and expensive equipment. In addition, due to high amplification efficiency, the end point results are provided in a shorter time (30-60 minutes). This gives a possibility to be easily employed in low-budget laboratories. Furthermore, the LAMP method and its variations are preferred because of the high sensitivity of the assay and there liability of the results. Also, LAMP assays have shown acceptable specificity which underlines the importance of the method to be introduced as a routinely used one.