The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and phytotoxicity of herbicides in combinations and to determine their economic feasibility in the soybean crop. The trials were placed at two locations, Pobeda and Budisava (Serbia), during 2016 and 2018, organized in a randomized block design with four replicates of all herbicide combinations (metribuzin + S-metolachlor; imazamox + oxasulfuron + typhenesulfuron-methyl; metribuzin + S-metolachlor + imazamox + oxasulfuron + typhenesulfuron-methyl; and bentazon + imazamox + typhenesulfuron-methyl). At the first location, 16 weed species were determined, while in the second location, 14 were determined. The highest reduction in the number of weeds was achieved at the first location, using a combination of herbicides metribuzin + S-metolachlor + imazamox + oxasulfuron + typhenesulfuron-methyl with a total efficacy that ranged from 96.98% to 97.40%. Only on the second location bentazone + imazamox + tifensulfuron-methyl showed passable phytotoxicity on soybean, during both years. Based on the established economic justification, in the combinations of metribuzin + S-metolachlor + imazamox + oxasulfuron + typhenesulfuron-methyl, yield was increased for 2350 kg/ha or 1.91 times more, according to the untreated variant at first location. The economic injury level at the most effective combination of herbicides was 52.70 weeds/m².

Rodents belong to the group of occasionally economically significant to very significant pests. Some species, especially synanthropic species, cause material damage in various ways. Successful and sustainable management of rodent control strategies requires different procedures such as prevention and rodent control measures. The present study gives an overview of the most common rodent species and methods for estimating the rodent population to assess the risk of economic damage that may occur due to rodents feeding in field crops, gardens, orchards, and young forest plantations, as well as contamination of stored food. As a prerequisite for effective integrated control of mice and voles, it is necessary to implement an adequate long-term monitoring system of these species, as they are primary pests. The integrated approach improves the treatment efficacy and reduces the treatment costs but also is considered ecologically friendlier compared to conventional measures. An integrated approach should provide an effective strategy for rodent management and control in all types of rodent habitats, from agricultural and forestry production fields to residential and public areas. By combining different preventive measures, it is possible to prevent the presence of pests, which will therefore result in a reduction of pesticide use.

Sub-lethal doses of herbicides can promote plant growth and have a positive effect on an organism this is called hormesis. The purpose of this study was to test the effects of sub-lethal doses of glyphosate on soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) (1.8, 3.6, 7.2, 36, 180, and 720 g ha⁻¹) and Amaranthus retroflexus L. (7.2, 36, 180, 720, 1440, and 2880 g ha⁻¹). Different biological parameters, such as phytotoxicity, fresh weight, root length, content of photosynthetic pigments, and shikimate concentration, were measured. Glyphosate in doses of 1440 and 2880 g ha⁻¹ destroyed A. retroflexus plants. A fresh weight of A. retroflexus at a dose of 36 g ha⁻¹ was reduced by 76.31%, while for the soybean it was reduced by 19.26%. At the highest dose, the shikimate concentration was 145% in the soybean, while in A. retroflexus, the concentration increased by 58.80% compared to the control plants. All doses of glyphosate were statistically significantly different in terms of chlorophyll a content, while higher doses in A. retroflexus caused chlorophyll b to decrease. The change in the production of carotenoids was not statistically significant. The results showed that sub-lethal amounts of glyphosate did not lead to stimulation of measured parameters of soybean.

Species composition and population dynamics of spider mites (Panonychus ulmi (Acari: Tetranychidae) (Koch) and Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)) and predaceous mites (Amblyseius andersoni (Chant) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and Zetzellia mali (Ewing) (Acari: Stigmaeidae)) were studied for eight months each year (March–October) during 2005–2007 at two localities with different intensities of pesticide use. Using Berger–Parker's dominance index and Sorenson's coefficient, the index of dominance and predator–predator, predator–prey, and prey–prey associations were defined among each of these species to determine changes in species compositions and population densities and comprehend the influence of pesticide use in pest management on populations of spider and predatory mites in apple orchards. Sorenson's coefficient helped to measure the intensity of positive, neutral, or negative interspecific associations for each species and Berger–Parker's dominance index clarified the dominance of specific species. During 2005 the dominant species in both localities was P. ulmi, but during 2006–2007 at one locality both species of spider mites showed almost equal dominance. The results of Sorenson's coefficient confirmed that there was significant predator–prey association among P. ulmi and A. andersoni and P. ulmi and Z. mali, and prey–prey association between P. ulmi and T. urticae in both localities. The analysis of the population dynamics showed delayed occurrence of predatory mites compared with the spider mites, from 48 to 106 days for A. andersoni and 91 to 137 days for Z. mali depending on the research period and locality.

The number of mouse-like rodents was monitored based on the traces and the estimates of the active holes in a private orchard from February to October 2019. Based on the appearance and spatial arrangement of the active holes on the observed orchard plot, the presence of the field vole Microtus arvalis (Pallas 1778) and the field mouse Apodemus agrarius (Pallas, 1771) was determined. Until 2019, the control of the rodent population at this location was successfully implemented through an integrated approach and the application of many non-chemical methods and procedures. Considering the mass appearance of these organisms during the research period, which was determined by constant monitoring, the chemical control had to be implemented to avoid major economic damage and defects to young seedlings. In the chemical control a zinc-phosphide based rodenticide with 2% active substance, which belongs to the group of fast-acting rodenticides with an acute and respiratory effect, was used. The effectiveness of rodenticide formulations was evaluated according to the Henderson & Tilton formula, based on the number of active holes for 7, 14 and 28 days. The best efficiency of the applied rodenticide was registered in the 28-days spring control period (85.11%) and in the 14days autumn period (74.03%) and 28days autumn period (82.14%).