Background: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive, degenerative disease of the central retina. AMD is subdivided into “dry” (atrophic), “wet” (exudative), and neovascular (nAMD) forms. In recent years, the concepts about nAMD changed with the development of optical coherence tomography–angiography (OCT-A) and intravitreal anti-VEGF treatment. The aim of this study was to define the morphologic type of the neovascular membrane (NVM) before treatment with OCT-A and to register vascular remodeling after treatment with anti-VEGF. We also analyzed the relationship between NVM and visual acuity. Methods: The study was retrospective and included 119 patients with newly diagnosed, treatment-naïve nAMD. All the patients underwent full ophthalmic examination and also fluoresceine angiography and optical coherence tomography–angiography (OCT-A). Results: Based on the collected data, we found repetitive regularities. Conclusion: The analysis of our results could be used as prognostic markers for the evolution of the disease and as a basis for new treatment strategies, depending on the naïve NVM morphologic type.

Background: Patients with uveitis have a higher risk of developing glaucoma not only because of the disease by itself, but also because of the ongoing corticosteroid therapy. The pathogenesis of uveitic glaucoma is characterized by a complex of biochemical and cellular processes, as well as morphological changes in the trabecular meshwork. Treatment of secondary chronic glaucoma is challenging and often requires different approaches and solutions. Purpose: To present the “ab interno” procedure of the Schlemm‘s canal (SC) performed with the help of TrabEx+ (MST, Redmond, WA, USA) in postuveitic glaucoma patients. Methods: The observed group included patients with postuveitic secondary glaucoma, which consisted of 12 pseudophakic patients (12 eyes). Patients are with intraocular pressure higher than 25 mmHg and on maximal local therapy. Due to insufficient conservative control on IOP, surgical solutions are needed. We describe a new, minimally invasive surgical procedure–the technique of the operation, the postoperative results and complications. Results: We present the achieved intraocular pressure (on the first day, 2 weeks, 1 month, 6, 8 12 and 18 months). The morphology of the trabecular area was demonstrated by gonioscopy. The effects of the therapy on the glaucoma progression, was evaluated with perimetry and OCT. Discussion: The following procedure is a minimally invasive procedure and provides good control of intraocular pressure. Aqueous veins in the conjunctiva are significantly preserved compared to conventional filtration trabeculectomy. This potentially modulates the physiological outflow pathways by ablating trabeculum strip the cause of increased outflow resistance-the inner wall of the SC. Conclusion: Removal of the inner wall of the SC, using Trabex+ (MST, Redmond, WA, USA), demonstrates promising results in the selected patients with a minimally invasive nature.

Background. Diabetes mellitus is a leading cause of death, disability, and adult blindness from diabetic retinopathy worldwide. Recent studies have provided a better understanding of the disease process and have opened new doors for prevention and treatment. The aim of our study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the current screening methods for prevention and control of dia-betic retinopathy and to create a program for optimization. Material and methods. We included 123 patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clinical characteristics of the population were collected from patients’ files. The HbA1c level was measured. Results. Among examined cohort group – 45% are with diabetes type 1 and 55% with diabetes type 2. In distribution by gender the prevalence is for males. The biggest part of the participants in our study is in the age group 45–66 years old. In 94% of the patients the duration of the disease is between 3–10 years. 22% of the pa-tients are with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), 45% with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and 33% with diabetic macular edema (DME). Conclusion. Our opinion is that the current ophthalmologic devices, such as fundus cameras and OCT (multimodal imaging), should be incorporated in the process of screening for diabetic retinopathy due to the detailed information they provide and the short time to perform the procedure.

A 77-year-old-man with arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus type II presented at our clinic for a routine ophthalmological exam. He complained of intermittent double vision. The ophthalmic examination revealed paralysis of III (n. oculomotorius) and VI (n. abducens) cranial nerves with ptosis, deficit in elevation and abduction of the left eye. The patient underwent urgent MRI imaging of the brain/orbits and paranasal sinuses, and urgent neurological assessment. MRI revealed a volume-occupying process, starting from the posterior wall of the left maxillary sinus with perineural diffusion and involvement of the homolateral trigeminal nerve, intracranial spread in the medial cranial fossa and involvement of the cavernous, sphenoidal sinuses and the orbital apex on the left side. Biopsy was performed, and the histology resulted in sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma with intracranial spread.

Purpose: To explore the long-term anatomical and functional outcomes in naïve patients with Myopic Traction Maculopathy (MTM) treated with either macular buckle (MB) plus pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) or primary MB as unique treatment according to MTM Staging System (MSS). Methods: Retrospective study involving 206 consecutive naïve patients with MTM who underwent either MB plus PPV or primary MB. Postoperative anatomical and functional outcomes, including the MTM stage and its progression, axial length (AL), and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) changes, were evaluated at one month (i.e., “early follow-up”), six months (i.e., intermediate follow-up”), 12 months postoperatively (i.e., “late follow-up”) and at last follow-up ranging between 12 and 156 months postoperatively (i.e., “final follow-up”). Results: Retinal and foveal anatomical results significantly improved in patients who underwent either primary MB plus PPV or MB ( p < 0.001), with 100% and 92.1% of patients who underwent complete resolution, respectively. For every MTM stage, the BCVA significantly improved over the follow-up visits. ( p < 0.001). At the last visit, 84 (41%) eyes improved to 0.5 decimal or more. In patients treated before 2020, when applying more combined PPV treatments, there was a high rate of early iatrogenic full-thickness macular holes ( p = 0.005). The results obtained since 2020, when the customized treatment was employed, led to better results without sight-threatening complications. Conclusions: The MTM Staging System should be the foundation for treating MTM. It should precisely assess the optimal surgical technique and the ideal time to perform it concerning the various stages to maximize anatomical and functional success.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a degenerative, progressive disease, which destroys the central retina. AMD has two main forms - „dry“ and „wet“ (exudative). In order to make the diagnosis of AMD with CNV, apart from ophthalmoscopy, specialized tests are needed - fluorescein angiography (FA), indocyanine angiography, OCT, OCT-angiography (OCT-A). OCTA is a new and non-invasive technology. Compared to the old, well-known techniques for retinal evaluation, it is very precious because of its high resolution and detailed images – which allow early diagnosis and objective monitoring of the lesions in the future. The aim of this review is to describe the principles of function, features of the device and its application in everyday clinical practice in diagnosing patients with macular pathology. A systematic search of the literature, published in the past decade was identified from PubMed and Ovid databases with reference to the Preferred Reporting items for Systematic Review. AMD is a disease that is increasingly socially important because of the aging population in developed countries. The increasing use of OCT-A nowadays suggests new classification systems. The non-invasiveness, the short examination time and the high informativeness that OCT-A brings in relation to AMD requires a deeper study of the methodology and the development of new classifications to facilitate clinical practice.