The plant pomological characteristics and physiological behaviors of genotypes in modern apple cultivation could be different depending on the use of rootstock, changing growth ecology and application of biological control agents. The aim of this research was to determine the effects of rhizobacteria application on leaf and fruit nutrient contents in different apple scion–rootstock combinations. This study was carried out with seven standard cultivars (Scarlet Spur, Red Chief, Fuji, Jeromine, Galaxy Gala, Granny Smith, and Golden Reinders) budded on M.9 and MM.106 rootstocks. In the experiment, trees were sprayed by a nitrogen + phosphorus solvent rhizobacteria three times, with an interval of 15 days in the spring period. The effect of rhizobacteria application on leaf and fruit nutrient contents was statistically significant and provided generally significant positive contributions, except for leaf Mg content. Comparing both rootstocks, the positive effect of bacterial application was higher on the M.9 rootstock for leaf N and B content and fruit N and Fe content, and on the MM.106 rootstock for other nutrient content. While the effects of bacterial application on the basis of cultivars were generally positive, the highest positive contribution was made in leaf P content (10.7%) and fruit Mn content (32.1%) of the Fuji cultivar. Considering the total increase in nutrients in scion–rootstocks combination, rhizobacteria application had a positive effect on the leaf nutrient contents in Golden Reinders/MM.106, but not leaf K content. The highest increases in leaves of scion-rootstock combinations were determined as 4.0% in N content in Granny Smith/M.9, 14.1% in P content in Scarlet Spur/MM.106, 7.1% in K content in Fuji/MM.106, 4.4% in Ca content in Jeromine/M.9, and 14.0% in Mg content in Granny Smith/MM.106. The highest increase in fruit nutrient contents was between 4.9% (N content) and 13.5% (Ca content) for macro elements, and between 9.5% (Cu content) and 41.8% (Mn content) for microelements. The results of the present study may provide significant leads for further studies on this subject.

Ağır metaller toprakta ayrışarak kirliliğe yol açmaktadır ve bu kirliliğin giderilmesi metallerin başka bileşiklere dönüşememesinden dolayı zordur. Son zamanlarda nüfusun artış hızı ve artan ihtiyaç talebi ile bunun doğrultusunda sanayileşme, yoğun tarımsal uygulamalar çevre kirliliğine yol açmaktadır. Ağır metal kirliliği ana materyal kaynaklı da meydana gelebilmektedir. Toprakta yer alan ağır metaller arasında kadmiyum (Cd), bakır (Cu), kurşun (Pb), kobalt (Co), arsenik (As), civa (Hg) ve çinko (Zn) önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Ağır metal kirliliği tarımsal alanlarda kayıplara neden olabildiği gibi, bu alanlarda yetiştirilen ürünlerin tüketimiyle birlikte insan sağlığını da olumsuz etkilemektedir. Toprakta ağır metal kirliliği fiziksel, kimyasal veya biyolojik yöntem ve/veya süreçlerle izolasyon teknikleri, kirlenmiş toprağın değiştirilmesi, elektrokinetik teknikler, yıkama, biyoremediasyon teknikleri ile kontrol altına alınabilmektedir. Bu derlemede ağır metal kirliliği ve giderim yöntemleri değerlendirilmiştir.

It is crucial to know how management factors influence soil test phosphorus (P) since non-point P sources for surface waters are becoming recognized as a problem throughout the USA. Phosphorus fertilizer and crop residue can impact the cycling of P in soils. An eight-year crop residue removal and P fertilization (0, 7.3, 14.7 and 29.4 kg P/ha) as triple superphosphate (TSP) experiment were conducted to determine the effect of P applications on soil P fractions. Significant differences in Bray-l extractable P were observed after only one year of P applications. Extractable P at the highest P rate was significantly higher than all the other rates. For each 5.6 kg P/ha added or removed, Bray-l P changed by 1 mg/kg. Fertilizer P applications did not significantly change the organic P (P_o) levels, microbial P (P_m) or soil pH, whereas residue treatments had effects on them except for soil pH. Residue-retained plots had significantly higher P_m in the last two years of study, and P_o in the 8^th year, compared with residue-removed plots.

Animal manure pollution constitutes a significant environmental issue, particularly in areas with intensive livestock activities. Manure, due to its various pollution loads such as nitrogen, phosphorus, heavy metals, and pathogens, can have adverse effects on soil, water resources, and air quality. Among manure management practices, sustainable methods such as composting, biogas production, and advanced treatment techniques stand out. These methods offer effective solutions for reducing the environmental impact of manure, while also holding the potential to be valued as valuable resources for agriculture and energy production. The growth in the global population along with urbanization has intensified the demand in commerce, industry, and agriculture sectors. This need to satisfy the supply-demand dynamics has led to increased production activities, subsequently giving rise to significant waste management challenges. This review examines the environmental impacts of pollution originating from animal manure, current management strategies, and research developments (R&D) in this field.