A field trial study was conducted for two consecutive seasons 2020 and 2021 in approximately 8-month-old jojoba plants to evaluate the physiological responses following salt treatment and the role of proline as a foliar application to enhance jojoba tolerance to salinity stress. Jojoba plants were irrigated once a week for four months with diluted seawater in concentrations of 5000, 10,000, and 15,000 ppm and tap water (control). Anti-stress proline was applied four times throughout the experiment, the first at the beginning of the experiment and another three times at 30-day intervals, at concentrations of 0, 300, and 450 ppm. The effect of proline treatments on jojoba plant behavior includes growth vegetative characteristics, namely plant height increase percentage (PHIP), shoot number increase percentage (NSIP), stem diameter increase percentage (SDIP), number of leaves, leaf thickness, leaf area, and fresh and dry weights of leaves, and chemical characteristics, namely chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, leaf mineral contents (N, P, K, Na, and Cl), total phenolic content (TPC), and proline concentration. Moreover, the impacts of proline on hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), superoxide anion (O₂^•−), malondialdehyde (MDA), and ion leakage (IL) under salinity stress were investigated. Briefly, proline at 450 ppm enhanced all studied growth and physiological characteristics and promoted the antioxidant system of jojoba plants compared with the control and other treatments. The anatomical structure of leaves was also examined, and favorable variations in the anatomical structure were detected in the stressed and proline-treated plants. Exogenous application of proline enhanced most of this anatomical characteristic of jojoba leaf under saline stress. In conclusion, proline as a foliar application at 450 ppm under salinity stress of 10,000 ppm enhances jojoba tolerance to salinity stress by modifying the physicochemical and morphological characteristics of jojoba plants.

Agriculture faces many challenges because of climate changes. The nutrients present in nano-sized form improve plant productivity, especially when used at the appropriate planting time. Field experiments were conducted as a factorial experiment for evaluating two planting dates (20th September and 20th October), foliar application with nanoparticles (NPs) including silica nanoparticles (SiO₂-NPs) at 1.5 and 3 mM, calcium carbonate nanoparticles (CaCO₃-NPs) at 5 and 10 mM and distilled water (control) on pre- and post-harvest characteristics of Dahlia pinnata var. pinnata Cav. The results indicate that the interactions during the late planting time (20th October) and exogenous applications of SiO₂-NPs at 1.5 mM or CaCO₃-NPs at 10 mM have improved plant growth including plant height, stem diameter, fresh and dry weights of plant, leaf area, inflorescence diameter, inflorescence stalk length, branches number, tuber numbers, inflorescences number on the plant, and the vase life. At the same time, insignificant differences appeared in the interaction during the planting dates and SiO₂ or CaCO₃ -NPs concentrations on inflorescence stalk diameter, total soluble solids, membrane stability index, maximum increase in fresh weight (FW), and Si and Ca contents. In addition, all exogenous applications of NPs at the late planting time promoted the plant growth characteristics like lignin %, cellulose %, inflorescence water content, change in FW, and total water uptake. Moreover, the controls through the two planting dates recorded the maximum change in water uptake and water loss values. In short, it can be recommended to use SiO₂-NPs at 1.5 mM or CaCO₃-NPs at 10 mM as a foliar application at the late planting time (20th October) for obtaining the optimum quantitative and qualitative parameters of D. pinnata .

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to correlate between the axial length of the globe and the insertion site of horizontal extraocular muscles using swept-source anterior segment optical coherence tomography (SS-ASOCT), with posing an equation to calculate the muscle insertion site from the axial length. Methods: The study design was observational and cross-sectional. It was performed on 157 eyes of 157 healthy subjects. The distance of the medial rectus (MR) and the lateral rectus (LR) insertion sites from the limbus were measured using SS-ASOCT. The insertion sites’ distances were correlated to the axial length (hypermetropes < 22.5 mm, myopes > 24.5). Correlation between numerical variables was done by Pearson’s correlation coefficient and confirmed by linear regression analysis and scatter diagrams. Results: The mean MR insertion site was 5.47 ± 0.19 mm in hypermetropes versus 5.68 ± 0.23 mm in myopes, whereas the mean LR insertion site was 6.81± 0.23 mm in hyperopes versus 7.08 ± 0.16 mm in myopes. The axial length showed a moderate positive, but significant, correlation to the insertional position for the medial and lateral rectus muscles (MR: r=0.417, p< 0.001; LR: r=0.410, p< 0.001). Conclusion: Comparing the horizontal extraocular muscle insertion site to axial length using SS-ASOCT showed a significant positive correlation. The model equation for MR insertion: MR (mm) = 4.522 + 0.045 (AXL in mm) with an R = 0.437, R²= 0.191, F=12.071, P< 0.001. The model equation for LR insertion: LR (mm) = 5.72 + 0.048 (AXL in mm) with an R = 0.438, R²= 0.192, F=12.116, P< 0.001.

Ocimum species have a major importance not just as an aromatic or ornamental plant which utilized for many softscape purposes, additionally as a medicinal plant because of its high substances from volatile oils and numerous secondary metabolites such as rosmarinic acid, flavonoids and anthocyanins. An overview of the recent studies conducted with the use of plant tissue culture technique for micropropagation by using the direct way like cell, tissue and organ culture or the indirect one as, callus redifferentiation and somatic embryogenesis were reviewed in this paper, because of the genetic variability could occur during the sexual propagation method (seeds). In the same time, production of the important secondary metabolites from Ocimum species by using different methods such as organs culture, cells suspension, cells elicitation, bioreactors and cell immobilization were also reviewed.

A greenhouse experiment was conducted during two consecutive seasons of 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 at the Nursery of Ornamental plants, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Egypt, to compare the ability of humic and fulvic acids solely at different concentrations (500,1000,1500 mg/l), besides the control on improving some vegetative, flowering parameters and chemical constituents of mums (Dendranthema grandiflorum ‘Flyer’). The obtained results cleared that fulvic acid at concentrations of 1500 and 1000 mg/l or humic acid at 1500 mg/l were the most effective treatments for improving the vegetative parameters (plant height, branches number, plant spread, roots/shoots ratio, fresh and dry weights of plant, and leaf area), flowering parameters (days required period for appearing the first inflorescence and 50% of inflorescences, duration of flowering stage and the vase life, inflorescences number/plant, inflorescence diameter). Furthermore, drenching fulvic acid at 1500 and 1000 mg/l or humic acid at 1500 mg/l, promoted the photosynthesis pigments (total chlorophylls and carotenoids), in addition to the percentages of total carbohydrates, nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium in the leaves. Finally, it could be recommended to use fulvic acid at 1000 mg/l or humic acid at 1500 mg/l twice monthly (six times during the flowers production process) as a soil drench before the irrigation process for obtaining the ideal growth characteristics of this important pot and cut flower plant