Introduction: fraud detection in financial transactions has become a critical concern in today's financial landscape. Machine learning techniques have become a key tool for fraud detection given their ability to analyze large volumes of data and detect subtle patterns.Objective: evaluate the performance of machine learning techniques such as Random Forest and Convolutional Neural Networks to identify fraudulent transactions in real time.Methods: a real-world data set of financial transactions was obtained from various institutions. Data preprocessing techniques were applied that include multiple imputation and variable transformation. Models such as Random Forest, Convolutional Neural Networks, Naive Bayes and Logistic Regression were trained and optimized. Performance was evaluated using metrics such as F1 score.Results: random Forests and Convolutional Neural Networks achieved an F1 score greater than 95% on average, exceeding the target threshold. Random Forests produced the highest average F1 score of 0,956. It was estimated that the models detected 45 % of fraudulent transactions with low variability.Conclusions: the study demonstrated the effectiveness of machine learning models, especially Random Forests and Convolutional Neural Networks, for accurate real-time fraud detection. Its high performance supports the application of these techniques to strengthen financial security. Future research directions are also discussed

El presente trabajo pretende analizar el problema de la objeción democrática al control de constitucionalidad desde las propuestas provenientes de la democracia deliberativa y el constitucionalismo dialógico y responder a las siguientes preguntas: ¿cuáles son las principales características del denominado activismo judicial dialógico?, ¿de qué manera el activismo judicial dialógico pretende superar la objeción democrática?

Educational platforms and applications had begun to arise in the last decade, improving in many cases the learning experience for students and teachers alike. In a world where the norm seems to be centered around the digital, the learning process has been moving towards a more blended experience, incorporating traditional and digital teaching methods; and since the COVID-19 pandemic, these learning experience, in most cases, has transitioned to a full digital experience. Online classes and virtual teaching methodologies had been adopted to confront these challenges, and learning platforms such as Moodle had been used to enhance the quality of the learning process, adapting this tool with strategies that look to in a way that it further improves the students’ engagement and motivation in said process. This paper reviews previous knowledge in the impact Moodle has over students’ engagement and motivation regarding the learning process. For this research, databases such as Scopus, IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library and ScienceDirect were used, finding as many as 7,626 articles across all platforms, filtering up to 20 eligible articles due to their affinity with the subject at hand. From this Systematic Literature Review, it was concluded that using interactive tools such as Moodle may have a positive impact improving student's motivation, although other strategies may be recommended in regards to keep students’ engagement in the learning process.

Open data governance has emerged as a paradigm to enhance government transparency and accountability in the digital age. This literature review examines research on open data policies, management processes and oversight mechanisms advancing ethical aims through internet-based technologies. A systematic search yielded 26 studies analyzing open data's effects on accountability and transparency in the context of digital governance. Findings reveal potential exposure of corruption through online platforms, improved civic awareness via digital tools, and increased scrutiny of administrative decisions enabled by internet-accessible data. However, evidence gaps persist regarding aggregate accountability improvements attributable to open data technologies. Moreover, appropriate digital indicators and pathways linking online data disclosure to ethical governance require elucidation, spanning technological, institutional and political dimensions. In essence, purposeful digital governance, capable usage of online tools, and contextual insight into internet-based solutions, not merely data access, critically determine transparency and accountability gains in the era of e-government.

This systematic review explores the digital education strategies and tools used by educators to develop citizenship skills in students. Thirty studies selected from Scopus were analyzed. The results reveal diverse conceptualizations of "citizenship skills" in the digital context, encompassing civic-political knowledge, information and media literacy, online participation, and digital competencies. Educators employ online learning platforms, e-learning resources, educational games, simulations, and discussion forums. Although students' experiences suggest generally positive responses, challenges and variations are also evident. Educators face barriers such as effectively adapting civic education to the digital environment, facilitating meaningful interactions, aligning with political realities, implementation gaps, skills assessment, and addressing disparities. Overcoming these challenges will require professional development, adequate resources, pedagogical innovation, and commitment to harness the potential of digital technologies effectively and equitably in civic education.