The geographical distribution characteristics of villages characterised by ethnic minorities are determined by the selection of the site when the village was initially established. The location of inherited and well-preserved minority villages must be exceptionally compatible with the natural terrain, with a logical relationship. Nonetheless, the issue of village location, which is directly related to the development of the features of the geographical distribution, has received little attention from scholars. The average nearest proximity index, Voronoi, kernel density analysis, proximity analysis, and the Geographical Detector (GeoDetector) were used to analyse the geographic distribution characteristics of villages and their correlation with terrain, as well as the difference between the influence of each terrain factor. The findings indicated the following. (1) The geographical distribution of minority villages in Fujian Province is of the agglomeration type, with a significant “mononuclear” feature, and the topography has a facilitating effect on the clustering distribution of villages. (2) The geographical distribution of minority villages in each city of Fujian Province coexisted with the agglomeration type and the dispersion type, and the role of topography in promoting the agglomeration-type distribution of villages was not affected by the distribution density of villages. (3) The site selection of Fujian-minority villages is characterised by medium altitude, moderate slope, sun exposure, and no obvious hydrophilicity. Minority villages are mainly located in areas with an elevation of 202–647 m; a slope of 6–15°; a flat land aspect with a south slope, southeast slope, or southwest slope; and distance of 500–1500 m from 5–20 m wide rivers of level 2. (4) The site selection of Fujian minority villages is influenced by various topographic factors, such as elevation, slope, aspect, river buffer, river width, and river level, among which river width has the most substantial effect. (5) All topographic factors have a two-factor enhancing relationship with each other, aspect and slope have the most substantial effect and play a dominant role in site selection. The research findings illuminate the internal logic of the geographical distribution differentiation of villages characterised by ethnic minorities, which is critical for promoting the protection of modern ethnic-minority villages.

Ethnic minority villages are important resources for the economy and social development of ethnic minority areas because they preserve ethnic minorities’ culture. With the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization in China, the factors affecting the development of villages have changed. With the help and guidance of the government, the gap between villages has increased. According to the development conditions of ethnic minority villages at the present stage, the suitability of their spatial distribution has been studied, the existing problems in the current development have been explored, and the development laws and future development trends have been found. To make the evaluation results more scientific and objective, Geographical Detector (Geodetector) and Absorbent Hygiene Product (AHP) methods are used to establish the evaluation model. Taking 567 ethnic minority villages in Fujian Province as the research object, 13 factors are selected from the aspects of natural geographical, socio-economy and cultural life to construct the evaluation indicator system of Fujian ethnic minority villages, and the spatial distribution suitability of Fujian ethnic minority villages is quantitatively evaluated. The findings indicated the following: (1) The per capita income of villages has the most important impact on the suitability of spatial distribution of Fujian minority villages. Through comprehensive evaluation, the impact of cultural life indicators on the suitability of the spatial distribution of the village is greater than that of socio-economic indicators and natural geographical indicators. The intensity relationship is 9:7:10. (2) The high suitability value is concentrated in Fujian Province’s southeast coastal and central areas, gradually decreasing from east to west. In Fujian Province, 82.84%of the land is suitable for the development of ethnic minority villages, with 89% of ethnic minority villages. The unsuitable areas are mostly in Fujian’s north and west. (3) The most suitable cities for the number of ethnic minority villages are Ningde City and Quanzhou City because ethnic minority villages in these two cities are mostly distributed in areas relatively close to the central urban area, with good economic conditions, flat terrain, and easy transportation. The cities of Nanping and Sanming are the least suitable for many ethnic minority villages, which are primarily limited by topographic conditions, have a backward economy, a sparse road network, and have experienced significant population loss. In the context of urbanization, the evaluation results can provide a reference for the precise development and protection of minority villages. Governments at all levels in Fujian Province can adjust and optimize the development strategies of minority villages according to the evaluation results.

The metro station ridership features are associated significantly with the built environment factors of the pedestrian catchment area surrounding metro stations. The existing studies have focused on the impact on total ridership at metro stations, ignoring the impact on varying patterns of metro station ridership. Therefore, the reasonable identification of metro station categories and built environment factors affecting the varying patterns of ridership in different categories of stations is very important for metro construction. In this study, we developed a data-driven framework to examine the relationship between varying patterns of metro station ridership and built environment factors in these areas. By leveraging smart card data, we extracted the dynamic characteristics of ridership and utilized hierarchical clustering and K-means clustering to identify diverse patterns of metro station ridership, and we finally identified six main ridership patterns. We then developed a newly built environment measurement framework and adopted multinomial logistic regression analysis to explore the association between ridership patterns and built environment factors. (1) The clustering analysis results revealed that six station types were classified based on varying patterns of passenger flow, representing distinct functional characteristics. (2) The regression analysis indicated that diversity, density, and location factors were significantly associated with most station function types, while destination accessibility was only positively associated with employment-oriented type stations, and centrality was only associated with employment-oriented hybrid type station. The research results could inform the spatial planning and design around metro stations and the planning and design of metro systems. The built environment of pedestrian catchment areas surrounding metro stations can be enhanced through rational land use planning and the appropriate allocation of urban infrastructure and public service facilities.

To improve the development quality of rural residential areas in plain areas requires scientific evaluation. Based on the rural residential area in Hengshui City, Hebei Province, the study selected four indicators of location, production, ecology, and management, to build an evaluation model for the suitability of human settlements and evaluated rural residential areas in Hengshui City. The findings indicated the following: (1) The most suitable areas are mainly concentrated in the geographical center of Hengshui City. The generally suitable areas are mainly distributed in the east of the city. The basic suitable areas are scattered in the west and northeast of the city. The unsuitable areas are mainly concentrated in the north of the city. Most of the area of Hengshui City is suitable for the residence and development of rural residential areas, and 72.86% of rural residential areas are located in suitable areas, which is consistent with the geographical environment characteristics of plain areas. (2) The rural residential areas in unsuitable areas are mainly due to the low income, serious population loss and low urbanization rate, which are in line with the characteristics of rural residential areas. (3) The suitability of human settlements in rural residential areas in plain areas is mainly affected by the per capita agricultural land area, hydrology index, distance to river, distance to country, distance to a slow road, and distance to the fast road are low-level driving factors, of which distance to a fast road has the weakest influence. (4) There is a significant positive correlation between the environmental suitability and the distribution density of rural residential areas. The improvement of the suitability of human settlements can effectively promote the aggregation and distribution of rural residential areas. High-high clustering areas are mainly concentrated in the middle and northeast of Hengshui City, while low-low clustering areas are scattered in the north and southwest of Hengshui City. (5) The location index (LI) and management index (AI) play a limiting role in the suitability of human settlements in the northeast of Hengshui City, and the government should strengthen management intervention and infrastructure construction in the northeast of Hengshui City. The production index (PI) plays a limiting role in the suitability of human settlements in the west of Hengshui City and should consider the improvement of production capacity in the west of Hengshui City. The research results play a vital role in improving the carrying capacity of regional resources and the environment in the plain area, improving rural production, and living conditions, and promoting the development of rural planning in the whole region.

The metro station ridership features are associated significantly with the built environment factors of the pedestrian catchment area surrounding metro stations. The existing studies have focused on the impact on total ridership at metro stations, ignoring the impact on varying patterns of metro station ridership. Therefore, the reasonable identification of metro station categories and built environment factors affecting the varying patterns of ridership in different categories of stations is very important for metro construction. In this study, we developed a data-driven framework to examine the relationship between varying patterns of metro station ridership and built environment factors in these areas. By leveraging smart card data, we extracted the dynamic characteristics of ridership and utilized hierarchical clustering and K-means clustering to identify diverse patterns of metro station ridership, and finally identified six main ridership patterns. We then developed a new built environment measurement framework and adopted multinomial logistic regression analysis to explore the association between ridership patterns and built environment factors. (1) The clustering analysis result revealed that six station types were classified based on varying patterns of passenger flow, representing distinct functional characteristics. (2) The regression analysis indicated that diversity, density, and location factors were significantly associated with most station function types, while destination accessibility was only positively associated with employment-oriented type station, and centrality was only associated with employment-oriented hybrid type station. These results could inform the coordinated development of rail transit and land use, and the renewal and enhancement of the built environment in the pedestrian catchment area surrounding metro stations.

With the advancement of “targeted poverty alleviation”, the main problems we face at this stage are analyzing the causes of poverty and preventing poverty-stricken villages from falling back into poverty. Using the last batch of poverty-stricken villages that have been lifted out of poverty, which were announced by the Henan Provincial poverty alleviation and development office, as the research object, this research discusses the spatial distribution characteristics of 835 poverty-stricken villages in Henan Province from the perspective of the macro province by combining kernel density analysis and spatial autocorrelation analysis, analyzes their influencing factors using the least squares linear regression model, and performs a quantitative analysis of their influencing factors. The results revealed the following: (1) The spatial distribution characteristics of poverty-stricken villages in Henan Province are characterized by significant agglomeration. A banded high-density area is formed in the east of Henan Province, with a sub-density area in the west of Henan Province, and it radiates outward with the “dikaryon” as its center. (2) High-density and sub-density areas of poverty-stricken villages are mainly located in flat areas, with spatial dependence on each other. The high-high clustering areas are mainly areas dominated by agricultural economies. The low-low clustering areas mainly have limited agricultural development and rapid urban–rural integration. (3) Geographical locations and socio-economic and basic public services are the main factors affecting poverty in poverty-stricken villages. At the same time, environmental livability is an advantageous condition in areas where poverty-stricken villages are located, of which the Temperature Humidity Index factor is most closely related to the distribution density of poverty-stricken areas. The research results are intended to provide information for the policies and program intervention strategies for poverty reduction and sustainable development in poverty-stricken villages in Henan Province, and this is conducive to consolidating the results of targeted poverty alleviation and preventing a return to poverty.