The use of a hydrated phosphonium ionic liquid, [P(CH₂OH)₄]Cl, for the extraction of microalgæ lipids for biodiesel production, was evaluated using two microalgæ species, Chlorella vulgaris and Nannochloropsis oculata. The ionic liquid extraction was compared to the conventional Soxhlet, and Bligh & Dyer, methods, giving the highest extraction efficiency in the case of C. vulgaris, at 8.1%. The extraction from N. oculata achieved the highest lipid yield for Bligh & Dyer (17.3%), while the ionic liquid extracted 12.8%. Nevertheless, the ionic liquid extraction showed high affinity to neutral/saponifiable lipids, resulting in the highest fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs)-biodiesel yield (4.5%) for C. vulgaris. For N. oculata, the FAMEs yield of the ionic liquid and Bligh & Dyer extraction methods were similar (>8%), and much higher than for Soxhlet (<5%). The ionic liquid extraction proved especially suitable for lipid extraction from wet biomass, giving even higher extraction yields than from dry biomass, 14.9% and 12.8%, respectively (N. oculata). Remarkably, the overall yield of FAMEs was almost unchanged, 8.1% and 8.0%, for dry and wet biomass. The ionic liquid extraction process was also studied at ambient temperature, varying the extraction time, giving 75% of lipid and 93% of FAMEs recovery after thirty minutes, as compared to the extraction at 100 °C for one day. The recyclability study demonstrated that the ionic liquid was unchanged after treatment, and was successfully reused. The ionic liquid used is best described as [P(CH₂OH)₄]Cl·2H₂O, where the water is not free, but strongly bound to the ions.

Lipid peroxidation is associated with the development of some pathologies, such as cardiovascular diseases. Reduction in oxidative stress by antioxidants, such as Arthrospira (formely Spirulina), helps improving this redox imbalance. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of the Arthrospira liquid extract “Spirulysat^®” on oxidative markers—in particular, oxidized LDL (oxLDL)/total LDL cholesterol—and isoprostanes and to investigate its impact on lipid and glucose metabolism in the metabolic syndrome subject. A controlled, randomised, double-blind design was conducted in 40 subjects aged 18 to 65 years with metabolic syndrome after a daily intake of Spirulysat^® or placebo for twelve weeks. Blood and urinary samples were collected at three visits (V1, V2, V3) in the two groups for parameters determination. Although the Spirulysat^® group showed a decrease at all visits of the oxLDL/total cholesterol ratio, there was no significant difference compared to the placebo (p = 0.36). The urinary isoprostanes concentration in the Spirulysat^® group was reduced (p = 0.014) at V3. Plasma triglycerides decreased at V3 (p = 0.003) and HDL-cholesterol increased (p = 0.031) at all visits with Spirulysat^®. In conclusion, Spirulysat^® did not change the oxidized LDL (oxLDL)/LDL ratio but decreased the urinary isoprostanes, plasma triglycerides and increased HDL cholesterol, suggesting a beneficial effect on metabolic syndrome.

Background: Physical activity, such as running, protects against cardiovascular disease and obesity but can induce oxidative stress. Athletes often consume antioxidants to counteract the overproduction of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species during exercise. Spirulina, particularly its phycocyanin content, activates the Nrf2 pathway, stimulating antioxidant responses. Studies show that phycocyanin enhances antioxidant defenses and reduces inflammation, potentially improving muscle adaptation and recovery. This study evaluates a Spirulina liquid extract (SLE) supplementation during endurance training, hypothesizing that phycocyanin improves oxidant status and performance in soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles. Methods: Three-week-old male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: a sedentary control group (C), a sedentary group supplemented with SLE (SP), an endurance training group (T), and an endurance training group supplemented with SLE (SPT). After 8 weeks of treadmill training, blood and muscle were collected. Biochemical parameters and gene expression analyses were performed to assess the effects of training and supplementation. Results: The maximal aerobic speed improved significantly in the SPT group. Plasma lipid profiles showed a reduction in triglyceridemia, cholesterolemia, and atherogenic index in the trained groups, especially with SLE supplementation. Muscle malondialdehyde levels decreased in the SPT group compared to T. Gene expression analysis revealed upregulation of Nrf2 and mitochondrial biogenesis genes in both muscles, with differences between groups for genes related to glycogen storage and β-oxidation. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that SLE supplementation enhanced exercise performance and promoted muscle molecular adaptations. These findings suggest SLE as a promising functional food supplement for athletes, optimizing recovery and performance.

This work aims at studying the techno-economic feasibility to produce an extract, at a small industrial-production scale, from a Tisochrysis lutea’s paste, in view of cosmetic applications. The paste was first thawed, diluted and centrifuged to get a crude water extract. Then, two successive stages of membrane filtration were carried out: the first one to essentially remove/retain the particles (cellular debris) by microfiltration and the second one to concentrate (ultrafiltration) the soluble compounds of the permeate from the previous step. The robustness of the processing chain has been demonstrated following the production of three similar extracts with more than 30 L input material each. Around 54% of the final extract was composed of proteins and carbohydrates. The final ingredient was assessed for genomic activity and showed multiple positive responses. Finally, an economic analysis was performed, which demonstrated that the major cost is linked to centrifugation step. The total manpower represents the highest cost of the OPEX categories.