Mitochondrial genomics, as a useful marker for phylogenetics and systematics of organisms, are important for molecular biology studies. The phylogenetic relationships of the Polypedilum generic complex remains controversial, due to lack taxonomy and molecular information. In this study, we newly sequenced mitogenomes of 14 species of the Polypedilum generic complex. Coupled with three recently published sequences, we analyzed the nucleotide composition, sequence length, and evolutionary rate of this generic complex. The control region showed the highest AT content. The evolution rate of protein coding genes was as follows: ATP8 > ND6 > ND5 > ND3 > ND2 > ND4L > ND4 > COX1 > ND1 > CYTB > APT6 > COX2 > COX3. We reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships among the genera within the Polypedilum generic complex based on 19 mitochondrial genomes (seventeen ingroups and two outgroups), using Bayesian Inference (BI) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) methods for all databases. Phylogenetic analysis of 19 mitochondrial genomes demonstrated that the Endochironomus + Synendotendipes was sister to Phaenopsectra + Sergentia.

(1) Background: Mitochondrial genomes are important markers for the study of phylogenetics and systematics. Triozidae includes some primary pests of Populus euphratica. The phylogenetic relationships of this group remain controversial due to the lack of molecular data. (2) Methods: Mitochondria of Egeirotrioza Boselli were sequenced and assembled. We analyzed the sequence length, nucleotide composition, and evolutionary rate of Triozidae, combined with the 13 published mitochondrial genomes. (3) Results: The evolutionary rate of protein-coding genes was as follows: ATP8 > ND6 > ND5 > ND2 > ND4 > ND4L > ND1 > ND3 > APT6 > CYTB > COX3 > COX2 > COX1. We reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships of Triozidae based on 16 triozid mitochondrial genomes (thirteen ingroups and three outgroups) using the maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) approaches. The phylogenetic analysis of the 16 Triozidae mitochondrial genomes showed that Egeirotrioza was closely related to Leptynoptera. (4) Conclusions: We have identified 13 PCGs, 22 tRNAs, 2 rRNAs, and 1 control region (CR) of all newly sequenced mitochondrial genomes, which were the mitochondrial gene type in animals. The results of this study provide valuable genomic information for the study of psyllid species.

Chrysomya megacephala, as one of the common blowflies, displays biological characteristics, such as ovoviviparity and carrion-feeding adaptation. Thus, this species is generally considered of significant ecological, medical, and forensic importance. However, without a high-quality pseudo-chromosome genome for C. megacephala, elucidating its evolutionary trajectory proved difficult. Herein, we assembled and analyzed a high-quality chromosome-level genome assembly of the C. megacephala, combined with PacBio HiFi long reads, Hi-C data, and Illumina reads. The pseudo-chromosomes assembly of C. megacephala spans 629.44 Mb, with 97.05% anchored to five chromosomes. Final assembly includes 1056 contigs (N50 = 1.68 Mb), and 97 scaffolds (N50 = 121.37 Mb), achieving 98.90% BUSCO completeness (n = 1367). Gene annotation predicted 17,071 protein-coding genes (95.60% BUSCO completeness), while repeat masking identified 244.26 Mb (38.82%) as repetitive elements. Additionally, 3740 non-coding RNAs were characterized. Gene family analyses resulted in 10,579 gene families, containing 151 gene families that experienced rapid evolution. Comparative genomic analyses showed that the expanded genes are related to reproduction and necrophagous habits. In addition, we annotated the gene family P450s, CCEs, IRs, GRs, and ORs, all of which represent remarkable expansion, playing a crucial role in the mechanism of locating the hosts for forensic insects. Our research establishes a high-quality genome sequence to facilitate subsequent molecular investigations into significant species within forensic entomology.

Polynema Haliday, 1833 (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Mymaridae), one of the most species-rich genera in the family, comprises egg parasitoids with diverse hosts across multiple insect orders, some serving as biological control agents for agricultural and forestry pests. The subgenus Polynema (Doriclytus Foerster, 1847), characterized by pronounced morphological conservatism, has historical taxonomic challenges due to reliance on external morphological characteristics. This study employed an integrative taxonomic approach, combining morphological and molecular analyses, to investigate P. (Doriclytus) diversity in the Oriental region of China. Eight species were identified, including three new species—P. (Doriclytus) acutum Wang & Aishan, sp. nov., P. (Doriclytus) daliense Wang & Aishan, sp. nov., and P. (Doriclytus) longicornia Wang & Aishan, sp. nov.—and five species newly recorded from China: P. (Doriclytus) alalatum Rehmat & Anis, 2016, P. (Doriclytus) bicolorigastra Rehmat & Anis, 2016, P. (Doriclytus) dhenkunde Mani & Saraswat, 1973, P. (Doriclytus) dunense Hayat & Anis, 1999, and P. (Doriclytus) tyakshiense Irfan & Anis, 2023. Comprehensive morphological descriptions and diagnostic illustrations are provided for all new taxa, with key diagnostic features detailed for the newly recorded species. Molecular analysis of COI sequences using both the Assemble Species by Automatic Partitioning (ASAP) and Generalized Mixed Yule Coalescent (GMYC) models yielded congruent species delimitation results, with genetic distances between delimited species showing maximum intraspecific divergence of 1.51% and interspecific divergences of 3–12% within the 470 bp COI barcode region. The deposition of 32 novel COI sequences in GenBank significantly enhances molecular resources for Mymaridae systematics.

The complete mitochondrial genome of the Zaomma eriococci (Ferri & egrave;re, 1955) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was obtained through next-generation sequencing, making the first reported complete mitochondrial genome of the genus Zaomma. The mitochondrial genome is 15,648 bp in length and includes 37 classical eukaryotic mitochondrial genes along with an A + T rich region. All 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs) initiate with typical ATN codons. Of these, 10 PCG genes terminate with TAA, while three terminate with TAG. Additionally, there are 22 tRNA genes, ranging in size from 62 to 70 bp. The maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree was constructed based on 13 PCGs, indicates that Z. eriococci is closely related to Tassonia gloriae. This mitochondrial genome will serve as a valuable molecular resource for species identification, genetic analysis, and comparative genomic studies of Z. eriococci, contributing to the growing collection of mitochondrial genomes within the family Encyrtidae.

The fairyfly Mymaridae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) are widely distributed worldwide, but species of this family have rarely been collected and recorded from the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. In this study, mymarids collected in Tibet, China, are identified based on morphology and molecular data. Two species of the genus Pseudanaphes Noyes & Valentine are treated and illustrated here, including a known species, P. zhaoi Lin, and a new species, P. yadongicus Aishan & Cao sp. nov. In addition, a key to the world species of Pseudanaphes (females) and DNA barcodes for P. yadongicus and P. zhaoi are provided.