The glaciers in Arctic Archipelago of Svalbard, located in the hotspot of global warming, are sensitive to climate change. The assessment of glacier mass balance in Svalbard is one of the hotspots in Arctic research. In this study, we use the laser altimetry ICESat-2 data to investigate the elevation and mass change of Svalbard from 2019 to 2021 by a hypsometric approach. It is shown that the Svalbard-wide elevation change rate is −0.775 ± 0.225 m yr⁻¹ in 2019–2021, corresponding to the mass change of −14.843 ± 4.024 Gt yr⁻¹. All regions exhibit a negative mass balance, and the highest mass loss rates are observed at Northwestern Spitsbergen. Compared with ICESat/ICESat-2 (2003–2008 to 2019) and Cryosat-2 (2011–2017) periods, the elevation change from 2019 to 2021 has accelerated, with an increase by 158.3% and 31.5%, respectively, leading to equilibrium line altitude increasing to 750 m. Among the seven subregions, four are accelerated. It is shown that the overall accelerated glacier mass loss in Svalbard is expected to be caused by increasing surge events and temperature rise.

Current tourism route recommendation systems often overemphasize popular destinations, thereby overlooking geographical accessibility between attractions and the experiential coherence of the journey. Leveraging multidimensional attribute perceptions derived from tourist reviews, this study proposes a Spatial–Semantic Integrated Model for Tourist Attraction Representation (SSIM-TAR), which holistically encodes the composite attributes and multifaceted evaluations of attractions. Integrating these multidimensional features with inter-attraction relationships, three relational metrics are defined and fused: spatial proximity, resonance correlation, and thematic-sentiment similarity, forming a Tourist Attraction Multidimensional Association Network (MAN-SRT). This network enables precise characterization of complex inter-attraction dependencies. Building upon MAN-SRT, the Tourism Sentiment Chain (TSC) model is proposed that incorporates geographical accessibility, associative resonance, and thematic-sentiment synergy to optimize the selection and sequential arrangement of attractions in personalized route planning. Results demonstrate that SSIM-TAR effectively captures the integrated attributes and experiential quality of tourist attractions, while MAN-SRT reveals distinct multidimensional association patterns. Compared with popular platforms such as “Qunar” and “Mafengwo”, the TSC approach yields routes with enhanced spatial efficiency and thematic-sentiment coherence. This study advances tourism route modeling by jointly analyzing multidimensional experiential quality through spatial–semantic feature fusion and by achieving an integrated optimization of geographical accessibility and experiential coherence in route design.

Glaciers play an important role in understanding the climate, water resources, and surrounding natural change. Baishui River Glacier No. 1, a temperate glacier in the monsoon-influenced Southeastern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, has experienced significant ablation due to regional warming during the past few decades. However, little is known about the yearly changes in Baishui River Glacier No. 1. To investigate how Baishui River Glacier No. 1 has changed in recent years, digital orthophoto maps and digital elevation models were obtained from an unmanned aerial vehicle on 20 October 2018 and 22 July 2021, covering 84% and 47% of the total area, respectively. The results of the Baishui River Glacier No. 1 changes were obtained by differencing the digital elevation models, manual tracking, and terminus-retreat calculation methods. Our results showed that the surveyed area had a mean elevation change of −4.26 m during 2018 and 2021, and the lower area lost more ice than other areas. The terminus of Baishui River Glacier No. 1 has retreated by 16.35 m/a on average, exhibiting spatial variation with latitude. Moreover, we initially found that there was a high correlation between surface velocity and elevation gradient in this high-speed glacier. The surface velocity of Baishui River Glacier No. 1 was derived with the manual feature tracking method and ranged from 10.48 to 32.00 m/a, which is slightly smaller than the seasonal average. However, the snow coverage and ice melting of the two epochs led to the underestimation of our elevation change and velocity results, which need further investigation.

1. Spatial interaction manifests as the flow of populations, goods, or information between origins and destinations (Cai et al. 2024; Sen and Smith 1995), encompassing human mobility (Schläpfer et ...