This literature research had two main objectives. The first objective was to quantify how frequently artificial intelligence (AI) was utilized in dental literature from 2011 until 2021. The second objective was to distinguish the focus of such publications; in particular, dental field and topic. The main inclusion criterium was an original article or review in English focused on dental utilization of AI. All other types of publications or non-dental or non-AI-focused were excluded. The information sources were Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, queried on 19 April 2022. The search string was “artificial intelligence” AND (dental OR dentistry OR tooth OR teeth OR dentofacial OR maxillofacial OR orofacial OR orthodontics OR endodontics OR periodontics OR prosthodontics). Following the removal of duplicates, all remaining publications were returned by searches and were screened by three independent operators to minimize the risk of bias. The analysis of 2011–2021 publications identified 4413 records, from which 1497 were finally selected and calculated according to the year of publication. The results confirmed a historically unprecedented boom in AI dental publications, with an average increase of 21.6% per year over the last decade and a 34.9% increase per year over the last 5 years. In the achievement of the second objective, qualitative assessment of dental AI publications since 2021 identified 1717 records, with 497 papers finally selected. The results of this assessment indicated the relative proportions of focal topics, as follows: radiology 26.36%, orthodontics 18.31%, general scope 17.10%, restorative 12.09%, surgery 11.87% and education 5.63%. The review confirms that the current use of artificial intelligence in dentistry is concentrated mainly around the evaluation of digital diagnostic methods, especially radiology; however, its implementation is expected to gradually penetrate all parts of the profession.

Background: External root resorption is an irreversible loss of dental hard tissue as a result of odontoclastic action. Multiple external cervical root resorptions in permanent teeth are rare. The exact cause of external cervical root resorption is unclear. It is currently well established that RANK/RANKL signaling is essential for osteoclastogenesis and osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. Denosumab is an anti-RANKL antibody used for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. RANK/RANKL pathway suppression by denosumab is expected to suppress the activity of clastic cells responsible for hard tissue resorption involving both osteoclasts and odontoclasts. Case presentation: This case report demonstrates aggressive and generalized idiopathic external cervical root resorption that started and advanced during ongoing antiresorptive therapy with the human monoclonal RANKL-blocking antibody denosumab without discontinuation of therapy in a 74-year-old female patient treated for postmenopausal osteoporosis. The extent of resorptive defects was too large and progressively led to fractures of the teeth. The number of teeth involved and the extend of destruction excluded conservative treatment. The affected teeth had to be extracted for functional prosthetic reconstruction. Conclusions: This finding suggests that treatment with denosumab may be associated with severe and aggressive odontoclastic resorption of multiple dental roots despite an adequate inhibitory effect on osteoclasts in the treatment of osteoporosis. The RANKL-independent pathways of clastic cell formation are likely to be involved in this pathological process.

Periodontal health is defined as a state free from inflammatory periodontal disease that allows an individual to function normally and not suffer any mental or physical consequences as a result of past disease. The elaborate protocol of preventive measures to ensure periodontal health is extremely important. Herein, we describe that periodontal health can serve as a vital common reference point for assessing disease, determining meaningful preventive methods and determining treatment outcomes. Periodontitis patients may benefit from additional risk factor control interventions to improve periodontal treatment outcomes and the maintenance of periodontal stability. In patients with periodontitis, smoking cessation and diabetes control can be effective and thus improve their oral health. The aim of this scientific article is to provide a comprehensive view of available scientific knowledge and evidence from the systematic evaluation of works in the field of theoretical and clinical research as well as to provide comprehensive conclusions to dentists with regard to the patient. All the knowledge gained from this study can then be used not only in determining preventive methods but also in determining the diagnosis and quality treatment plan of a periodontal patient with a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Key words: periodontal health, periodontitis, diabetes mellitus, risk factors

OBJECTIVES: In this prospective study, we analyzed data from patients suffering from stage III grade C generalized per-iodontitis and assessed treatment outcomes via determination of periodontal probing depth (PPD), bleeding on probing (BOP), clinical attachment loss (CAL) and the plaque index (PI, O´Leary et al.1972) during scheduled appointments. AIM: To compare treatment results between two groups of patients suffering from generalized periodontitis (stage III, grade C); both groups were treated with deep scaling (DS) and root planing (RP), but only one group was also treated with antibiotics (ATBs: amoxicillin (AMX) and metronidazole (MTZ)). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This prospective study included 21 female and 19 male subjects divided into two groups. All the subjects were examined at baseline and 6 and 12 months later. The PPD, CAL, BOP and PlI were measured and compared between groups and sexes. RESULTS: For intragroup changes, the PPD, CAL, PI and BOP significantly decreased at the 6-month follow-up. Com-pared with the 6-month values, the 12-month values for these parameters did not significantly change. For the inter-group comparison, a statistically significant difference in PPD was observed between the case and control groups at the 6-month follow-up, with a difference of 0.45 mm (p = 0.008) favoring adjunctive AMX and MTZ treatment. For CAL, there was a difference of -0.61 mm in the control group; however, this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.121). BOP was lower in the case group, with a difference of 0.05, but the results were not significant (p = 0.365). The between-group difference in the PI of 0.05 was not significantly different (p = 1). There were no significant differences in the 6- and 12-month values for these parameters. CONCLUSION: Adjunctive AMX and MTZ treatment in patients with stage III grade C generalized periodontitis led to a significantly greater decrease in PPD. However, further investigations are needed on the effect of AMX+MTZ on CAL reversal. No significant difference in BOP was detected between the groups. The treatment results remained stable dur-ing the 6–12 month period in both groups.

Background: Approximal dental caries pose a persistent diagnostic challenge, as early lesions frequently remain clinically occult beneath intact enamel surfaces during routine visual–tactile inspection. This case report describes the clinical utility, limitations, and decision-making discrepancies within a multimodal digital diagnostic workflow combining intraoral radiography, near-infrared light transillumination (NILT), and deep-learning artificial intelligence (AI) radiographic analysis. Case Presentation: A 19-year-old female patient presented with provoked cold and sweet sensitivity localized to the upper left quadrant. Clinical inspection revealed visually intact accessible enamel surfaces (ICDAS 0 on tooth 25. To resolve the discrepancy between subjective symptoms and inconclusive initial visual findings, periapical radiography and NILT were performed. After the clinician-led treatment plan had been established, the radiograph was additionally processed using ClinicalAID as a parallel research analysis. Diagnostic Assessment and Management: Periapical radiography and NILT revealed approximal demineralization on teeth 24, 25, and 26. After the clinician-led treatment plan had been established, the radiograph was additionally processed with ClinicalAID as a parallel research analysis, yielding model confidence scores of 100%, 99%, and 98% for teeth 24, 25, and 26, respectively. Pre-operative therapeutic stratification remained entirely clinician-led: teeth 24 and 25 were selected for operative intervention based on provoked symptomatology and radiographic appearance of dentinal involvement, whereas tooth 26 was managed non-operatively with topical fluoridation and scheduled monitoring. Operative clinical reference assessment confirmed demineralization extending into the middle third of the dentin on tooth 25. Conclusions: High AI caries-detection confidence scores do not differentiate between lesion depth, cavitation status, or the necessity of operative intervention, as evidenced by divergent clinical pathways despite near-identical AI output scores on teeth 25 and 26. Deep-learning algorithms must function strictly as adjunctive decision-support tools within a human-in-the-loop framework (Intelligence Augmentation), with treatment planning governed by clinical symptoms, caries risk, and conventional diagnostic synthesis.

Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a rare but severe complication of antiresorptive therapy with bisphosphonates or denosumab in osteoporotic patients. MRONJ can adversely affect both quality of life and the treatment of osteoporosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of early surgical treatment of MRONJ lesions and to assess the possible influence of variables such as advanced age, advanced stage of MRONJ, and concomitant treatment of rheumatoid arthritis on treatment outcomes. We performed a retrospective evaluation of osteoporotic patients treated for stage I-III MRONJ at a single institution between January 2016 and December 2022. All patients underwent early surgical treatment according to a standardized therapeutic protocol and were followed up for at least 6 months after surgical treatment. Eighty-eight patients, mostly women (95.5%), were surgically treated for 93 MRONJ stage I (9.8%), II (73.1%), and III (17.2%) lesions. Thirteen patients (14.8%) were concurrently treated for rheumatoid arthritis. Early surgical treatment resulted in complete cure of MRONJ lesions with a single surgical procedure in 86 of 88 patients (97.7%) and 91 of 93 MRONJ lesions (97.8%). Age over 75 years, advanced-stage MRONJ and concomitant treatment for rheumatoid arthritis were not negatively associated with surgical treatment outcomes in this study. Early surgical treatment according to the described treatment protocol is highly effective in achieving complete healing of MRONJ lesions in osteoporotic patients regardless of disease stage and can be used as a first-line treatment in patients with osteoporosis who have no contraindications and consent to surgical treatment.