Electric vehicles (EVs) are broadly admired as an encouraging solution to decarbonize and relieve air pollution in metropolitan transportation. However, each powertrain gives different benefits depending on the actual usage context. This study investigates the energy consumption of various EVs compared to a conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicle. The considered EVs include a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHEV), and battery electric vehicle (BEV). Different road characteristics in the biggest city of northern Thailand are tested as driving route modes, i.e., city, rural, and hill modes, to study the energy consumption of the powertrains under real-world driving scenarios. Additionally, the efficiency of the CO2 emission reduction of each powertrain, analyzed from the energy consumption, is presented through the Well-to-Wheel (WtW) basis. The results show that the BEV performs well with all route characteristics, while both hybrids are appropriate in different driving scenarios. On average, of all the route modes, the WtW CO2 emission of the HEV, PHEV, and BEV is about 65%, 50%, and 35%, respectively, compared to the ICE. The BEV only has WtT CO2 emission from its electricity source. Therefore, it can yield low emissions if renewable energy, such as solar or wind energy, is used as its electricity source instead of fossil fuels. (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Currently, metal additive manufacturing (MAM) has been receiving more attention in many sectors for its production of metal parts because MAM effortlessly enables the fabrication of complex metal parts and provides faster and more sustainable manufacturing than conventional processes. Recently, a MAM-using bound metal deposition (BMD) has been proposed as a user-friendly manufacturing method that can provide low-volume production, economical metal parts, and operation safety. Since the BMD technique is new, information on the mechanical properties of MAM parts using this technique has not been sufficiently provided. This paper aims to study the mechanical properties of MAM parts manufactured by the BMD technique, examining the elastic modulus, yield strength, ultimate strength, and fatigue behavior of the parts with different relative densities. The MAM parts made from 316L and 17-4PH stainless steel were investigated using tensile and fatigue tests. Some mechanical properties of the infill parts in this study were validated with formulas from the literature. The weight efficiency is used as an index to assess the efficiency of the infill parts with different densities by examining the relationship between the mechanical properties and the weight of the MAM parts. The experimental results and a discussion of the weight efficiency assessment are presented as a novel information report on MAM products fabricated by BMD technology.

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