The transport sector accounts for massive global CO2 emissions. To achieve low-carbon transport systems, promoting electric vehicles (EVs) is a crucial strategy of worldwide countries. Since the current rapid growth of EVs, the total cost of ownership (TCO) of EVs has been studied among countries promoting EVs in their transport sector. This study presents TCO models of EVs compared to a conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicle. The EVs considered in this study include a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), a plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHEV), and a battery electric vehicle (BEV). The cost models consist of capital and operating costs, i.e., depreciation, maintenance, tax, insurance, loan interest, battery, and energy consumption costs. All data are obtained from real-world testing in Thailand. The TCO models are analyzed based on the average distance traveled, 20,000 km/year for over 15 years driving in urban areas. The results show that the TCO of ICE, HEV, PHEV, and BEV is 61.19, 54.94, 55.94, and 60.89 (1,000 USD), respectively. The lifetime TCO ratio for each holding year is also proposed. The HEV and PHEV seem to be suitable choices without any BEV support policies in Thailand. Additionally, using the TCO models and presenting as a 15-year lifetime TCO ratio, two case scenarios of different EV support policies are assumed, i.e., a government subsidy, or a retailer discount and battery price discount. Direct support towards the vehicles' purchasing prices significantly decreases the TCO. The knowledge from this study could be helpful for consumers, manufacturer product planners, and government policymakers. (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Transport electrification, which entails replacing fossil fuel-powered engines with electric drivetrains through the use of electric vehicles (EVs), has been identified as a potential strategy for reducing emissions in the transportation sector. As the adoption of EVs increases, there is a growing need to understand their performance and characteristics, particularly the factors that influence energy consumption under actual driving conditions. This study sought to investigate the actual energy consumption of commercial battery electric vehicles (BEVs) in Thailand by conducting real-world driving tests under various route conditions, including urban and rural route modes. Data collection was performed through the use of onboard diagnostics and global positioning system devices. The result shows that the average energy consumption of the BEVs in this study was 148.03 Wh/km. Moreover, several machine learning (ML) techniques were utilized to analyze the collected dataset to predict energy consumption and identify the key factors influencing energy consumption. A comprehensive investigation of factor significance was carried out by employing a specific algorithm in conjunction with the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) approach. This investigation provided insights into the influence of battery current and vehicle speed on the energy consumption of BEVs, particularly in the context of urban route conditions. The results of this study provide valuable insights into the energy consumption of BEVs and the factors affecting it, which can aid in improving energy efficiency and informing policy decisions related to transport electrification.

Electric vehicles (EVs) are broadly admired as an encouraging solution to decarbonize and relieve air pollution in metropolitan transportation. However, each powertrain gives different benefits depending on the actual usage context. This study investigates the energy consumption of various EVs compared to a conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicle. The considered EVs include a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHEV), and battery electric vehicle (BEV). Different road characteristics in the biggest city of northern Thailand are tested as driving route modes, i.e., city, rural, and hill modes, to study the energy consumption of the powertrains under real-world driving scenarios. Additionally, the efficiency of the CO2 emission reduction of each powertrain, analyzed from the energy consumption, is presented through the Well-to-Wheel (WtW) basis. The results show that the BEV performs well with all route characteristics, while both hybrids are appropriate in different driving scenarios. On average, of all the route modes, the WtW CO2 emission of the HEV, PHEV, and BEV is about 65%, 50%, and 35%, respectively, compared to the ICE. The BEV only has WtT CO2 emission from its electricity source. Therefore, it can yield low emissions if renewable energy, such as solar or wind energy, is used as its electricity source instead of fossil fuels. (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.