A study in the lithosphere, atmosphere and ionosphere (LAI) coupling often troubles scientists due to a certain distance between distinct instruments, which monitor geophysical parameters in different spheres. An instrumental system was established in southwest China (Leshan; LESH) for monitoring vibrations and perturbations in LAI (MVP-LAI). A ground-based Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver at the YADU station locates ~ 260 km away that continuously receives electromagnetic signals transmitted from the BeiDou navigation System (BDS) geostationary satellites to monitor the total electron content (TEC) at the ionospheric pierce point right over the MVP-LAI system. The employment of YADU TEC benefits in elimination of possible shaking effects happening on multiple instruments at the LESH station and mitigation the troubles due to the discrepancy in observation places. Through a stacking process on the retrieved data for increase of signal to noise ratios, a novel phenomenon of the resonant LAI coupling at a fundamental mode of ~ 3.4 mHz and its multiples persists in ground vibrations, atmospheric pressure and TEC retrieved from the MVP-LAI system and the YADU station. The retrieved data share frequencies during the operational period of 1.5 months that is irrelevant to obvious events in the lithosphere, atmosphere and ionosphere. The persistence of the resonant LAI coupling is essential in the Earth’s system.

The Dongpuzi deposit is an epithermal gold deposit located in the southern margin of the Shaozihe volcanic fault basin in the Liaodong Peninsula. On the basis of fluid inclusion and C–H–O–S–Pb isotope data, a metallogenic model is established for the Dongpuzi deposit. The mineralization at the Dongpuzi deposit has experienced quartz–pyrite (I), quartz–sulfide (II), and quartz–calcite (III) stages. The quartz from ore stage II has liquid-dominated aqueous inclusions, which have homogenization temperatures ranging from 113 to 162 °C and salinities varying from 3.2 to 9.6 wt% NaCl equiv. The quartz from the quartz–calcite stage has decreasing homogenization temperatures (106~143 °C) and salinities (2.7~6.9 wt% NaCl equiv.). The fluid inclusion data indicate that the gold ores were precipitated from low-temperature and low-salinity solutions, with an obvious decrease in temperature and salinity from ore stages II to III. The calculated δ¹⁸O_water values for the quartz of ore stage II range from −14.71‰ to −13.31‰, and the corresponding δD_water values range from −103.3‰ to −96.1‰, indicating that the ore-forming fluids could be of a meteoric origin. The calcite from ore stage III has δ¹³C_V-PDB values of −4.5‰ to −4.2‰ and δ¹⁸O_V-SMOW values of +7.0‰ to +7.4‰, indicating a mantle source for the carbon. The pyrite yielded δ³⁴S values of +4.1‰ to +6.6‰ and Pb isotopes consistent with those of the host trachyte porphyry and volcanic rocks of the Xiaoling Formation, which suggests that the S and Pb in gold ores were dominantly derived from the host trachyte porphyry and volcanic rocks of the Xiaoling Formation, with some combination of Paleoproterozoic metamorphic rocks of the Gaixian Formation. These results, together with the ore geology, indicate that the Dongpuzi deposit is a typical low-sulfidation epithermal gold deposit with important ore-forming materials input from the host trachyte porphyry, volcanic rocks of the Xiaoling Formation, and Paleoproterozoic metamorphic rocks of the Gaixian Formation. The Dongpuzi deposit was formed under an extensional setting related to the Early Cretaceous lithospheric extension and thinning of the eastern North China Craton.