With the rapid development of high-speed railroads and subways, there has been an increasing number of bridge–tunnel overlapping structures. To study the dynamic response characteristics of bridge–tunnel structures under the synergistic effects of the vibration generated by high-speed railway and subway trains, the dynamic response characteristics of a bridge–tunnel structure under single-point vibration loading was analyzed by conducting numerical simulations and model tests, with the frequency response function and peak acceleration as the evaluation indices. The dynamic response characteristics of the overlapping structure under moving vibration loads of the high-speed railway and subway trains were further analyzed. The results showed that the dynamic response of the bridge–tunnel overlapping structure increased with the increase in the frequency under the full frequency domain single-point sweep vibration load. The dynamic response of the tunnel hance near the pile foundation side was significantly greater than the vault and invert. Compared with the effect of high-speed train loads alone, the dynamic response of the bridge–tunnel overlapping structure under the synergistic effects of high-speed railways and subways increased significantly and varied at different locations. This investigation provides theoretical support for the design and construction of bridge–tunnel overlapping structures under the synergistic effects of high-speed railways and subways, contributing to improving engineering quality and safety.

Kanchuang frames are important parts of traditional timber architecture in China. This paper used experimental and numerical methods to study the restoring force model of Kanchuang frames, which were used frequently in Chinese ancient timber structures, particularly in North China. The prototyped test model is a type of Chinese traditional timber architecture named Qilinyingshan. It was widely used in ancient timber buildings preserved from the Ming and Qing dynasties. This study analyzed the loading process and failure modes of the test model, and the skeleton curve and hysteretic curve data were collected. Moreover, a dimensionless skeleton curve model was developed based upon the findings. The hysteresis loops of the test model were also analyzed, and it was found that each hysteresis loop can be divided into several feature segments according to their stiffness at different loading stages. Regression analysis was also used to obtain the stiffness degradation curvilinear equations of the feature segments. Finally, a hysteresis force model of a Kanchuang frame was established. This study also found that the loading process can be divided into three stages: the elastic stage, in which all of the components are in good condition; the elastic–plastic stage, in which cracks gradually develop on the wall; and the new elastic–plastic stage, after which the wall collapses. It was found there was consistency between the restoring force model and the test results, indicating that the model is valid and reliable. The skeleton curve model and hysteretic model provide reference for the nonlinear seismic response of ancient timber architecture.

External sulfate attack is an important factor causing a decrease in the mechanical properties of cement-based materials. In this paper, a computational prediction model of elastic modulus, considering the characteristics of sulfate corrosion from outside to inside and the influence of the interface transition zone (ITZ), was established to predict the elastic modulus of mortar under the external sulfate attack. Firstly, the backscattered electron (BSE) images of mortar and the algorithm of image threshold segmenting were used to determine a reasonable thickness of corroded ITZ. Secondly, the nanoindentation test was adopted to acquire the microscopic elastic parameters of phases (sand, cement, and ITZ) in corroded mortar. Moreover, the mortar mix proportion and Lu and Torquato’s model were adopted to calculate the volume fractions of phases. Finally, a computational prediction model of elastic modulus of mortar under sulfate attack was proposed with homogenization methods. The results indicate that the thickness of corroded ITZ is 20 mm, and the error values of elastic modulus between the theoretical prediction results and the experimental results are within 8%, indicating that the macroscopic elastic modulus of corroded mortar can be precisely predicted by the computational prediction model of elastic modulus.

In this paper, a 2D mesoscale finite element (FE) numerical model of mortar, considering the influence of the ITZ, was proposed to evaluate the corrosion of mortar in sodium sulfate. On the mesoscale, the corroded mortar was regarded as a three-phase composite material composed of sand, cement paste, and an interface transition zone (ITZ). Firstly, the volume fractions and mechanical parameters (elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and strength) of the mesoscale phases were obtained. Then, the cement paste and the ITZ were combined to form an equivalent matrix by homogenization methods, and the calibrated constitutive relations of the equivalent matrix were established. Subsequently, a two-dimensional (2D) random circular aggregate (RCA) model and a 2D random polygonal aggregate (RPA) model of corroded mortar were established using the random aggregate model. The failure process of corroded mortar specimens under uniaxial compression was simulated by the mesoscale FE numerical model. Comparing the simulation results with the measured stress–strain curves of the uniaxial compression test, it was found that the simulation results of the 2D RP model were closer to the experimental results than those of the 2D RC model. Meanwhile, the numerical simulation results were in good agreement with the experimental results, and the error values of peak stress between the simulation results and the measured results were within 7%, which showed that the 2D mesoscale FE model could accurately predict the results of a uniaxial compression test of a mortar specimen under sulfate attack.