Copper zinc tin sulfide (CZTS) can be considered an important absorber layer material for utilization in thin film solar cell devices because of its non-toxic, earth abundance, and cost-effective properties. In this study, the effect of molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) as a buffer layer on the different parameters of CZTS-based solar cell devices was explored to design a highly efficient solar cell. While graphene is considered a transparent conducting oxide (TCO) layer for the superior quantum efficiency of CZTS thin film solar cells, MoS₂ acts as a hole transport layer to offer electron–hole pair separation and an electron blocking layer to prevent recombination at the graphene/CZTS interface. This study proposed and analyzed a competent and economic CZTS solar cell structure (graphene/MoS₂/CZTS/Ni) with MoS₂ and graphene as the buffer and TCO layers, respectively, using the Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator (SCAPS)-1D. The proposed structure exhibited the following enhanced solar cell performance parameters: open-circuit voltage—0.8521 V, short-circuit current—25.3 mA cm⁻², fill factor—84.76%, and efficiency—18.27%.

The measurement of electrical power and efficiency of a thermoelectric generator (TEG) holds significant importance in the realm of thermoelectric materials research and development. The present investigation involves the measurement of thermoelectric characteristics, namely electrical conductivity, Seebeck coefficient, and thermal conductivity, of cement composites containing graphene nanoplatelets and metallic oxides (Fe₂O₃, ZnO, MnO₂). These properties are then utilized to determine the electrical power output and efficiency of the aforementioned composites. It is possible to estimate a power output of up to 1.5 W per square meter when utilizing GnP-ZnO-added cement composites, given a temperature differential of approximately 50 °C. This paper additionally discusses the methodology for fabricating a cement composite-based structural TEG module with the aim of augmenting the overall output voltage, power, and efficiency of the system.