The emergence of anti-TNF agents has revolutionized the management of inflammatory bowel disease, yet a significant proportion of patients experience primary non-response or secondary loss of response due to immunogenicity. As the field of precision medicine advances, genetic predictors such as human leukocyte antigen (HLA) variants are gaining increasing attention. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of current evidence on the role of HLA genotypes in inflammatory bowel disease susceptibility and disease behavior, with a focus on their mechanistic and clinical relevance in anti-TNF therapy. Special emphasis is placed on HLA-DQA1*05, a validated predictor of anti-drug antibody formation and reduced therapeutic durability. We explore the immunological basis of HLA-mediated immunogenicity, summarize pharmacogenetic and biomarker findings, and discuss how HLA typing may be integrated into treatment algorithms to improve patient stratification and long-term outcomes. As immunogenetics continues to inform clinical decision-making, understanding the interplay between HLA polymorphisms and therapeutic response offers new opportunities for biomarker-guided, personalized care in inflammatory bowel disease.

This study investigates the synthesis, characterization, and cytotoxicity of dinuclear palladium(II) complexes with glycine (Pd1), alanine (Pd2), and methionine (Pd3) as ligands. UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy were used to investigate the complexes’ interactions with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) and bovine serum albumin. The obtained measurements demonstrate that Pd1 and Pd2 have stronger binding affinities for CT-DNA compared to Pd3, with Pd3 exhibiting the most significant cytotoxicity against the MDA-MB-231 cancer cell line. The binding behavior was quantified by calculating intrinsic binding constants (K_b) and Stern–Volmer constants (K_sv), showing that Pd1 and Pd2 interact more effectively with DNA, possibly due to less steric hindrance in their chelation. Cytotoxic activity was evaluated using an MTT assay, and the results confirm that Pd3, with methionine as the ligand, exhibited superior antitumor effects, inducing apoptosis through caspase-3 activation. The complexes also showed a strong affinity for BSA, indicating their potential for biological interaction. These discoveries shed light on the processes of palladium(II) complexes in biological systems, highlighting their DNA and protein-binding capabilities, as well as their anticancer potential. Further research is required to explore their pharmacokinetics and possible clinical applications.

Background/Aim. C-shaped canals are a complex morphological variation of the tooth root canal system that, if present, could greatly affect the outcome of endodontic therapy. The prevalence of these canal configurations varies between the populations of different ethnic and geographical origins. Therefore, the goal of this study was to analyze the prevalence and morphology of mandibular second molar C-shaped canals in the population of Central Serbia. Methods. The study included a total of 1 99 mandibular second molars receiving a cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) examination and determining the presence of C-shaped canal systems, their configuration, minimal wall thickness and its relative position on axial cross-sections at the coronal, middle, and apical level. Results. The prevalence of C-shaped mandibular second molars was 5.53%. C1 canal configuration was the most frequent at the coronal cross-section, while C2 configuration was the most frequent at middle and apical cross-sections. Minimal wall thickness decreased going apically, with the mean value of 1.01 mm at the coronal, 0.87 mm at the middle, and 0 .67 mm at the apical cross-sections. Minimal wall thickness was mostly directed lingually at all cross-sectional levels. Conclusion. C-shaped canals should be expected in mandibular second molars of the population of Central Serbia. CBCT was shown to be the most valuable technique to determine C-shaped canals and facilitate understanding of the C-shaped canal morphology; its implementation could improve the success of endodontic therapy, especially if the complex root canal configuration is present.

The facial nerve is the main motor nerve that activates the mimic musculature of the face. Nerve tree injuries lead to paralysis of the same half of the face. In addition to functional damage in the form of difficulty in chewing, speaking and closing the eyes, paresis is the cause of pronounced emotional and social problems in patients. The etiology of facial nerve damage is diverse, including trauma, neurological, infectious, metabolic, vascular, neoplastic processes, as well as idiopathic and iatrogenic. Of special importance to us are iatrogenic injuries of the transcranial part of the facial nerve, which most often occur as part of surgical interventions in the area of the parotid lodge, where the nerve itself branches into its final branches that innervate facial muscles. A high degree of iatrogenic damage over 40% requires the timely application of adequate techniques and materials for the purpose of neuroregeneration. Considering the delicacy of the function of the facial nerve and the consequences of its damage, previous methods described in some studies, used in the regeneration process are based on the summarized results of experimental studies on different animal models. A prerequisite for the success of an experimental study is certainly the anatomical compatibility of experimental animals and humans. Based on the analyzed research, in the last decade rats were used the most, which can be linked to acceptable maintenance costs. Nevertheless, rabbits represent an ideal experimental model due to their anatomical and functional similarities with humans, in which it is possible to successfully simulate paralysis of the facial nerve and monitor the recovery of mimic musculature using the method of movement visualization and electromyography.

Introduction: Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory granulomatous disease that can affect the entire gastrointestinal tract. It is characterized by various extraintestinal manifestations (EIM), of which oral manifestations (OM) are often possible. One of the possible OM is periodontal disease (PD) a chronic inflammatory condition of the supporting tissues of the teeth. This study aimed to show the existence of a mutual relationship between the clinical activity of PD and the clinical and endoscopic activity of CD. Materials and methods: Using one clinical and two endoscopic indexes for the assessment of CD activity and clinical attachment loss (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP), pocket probing depth (PPD) and radiographic bone loss (RDL) on dental panoramic tomogram to assess PD in CD patients. Results: A total of 38 patients underwent the entire study process, of which 20 patients with CD and 18 patients with CD and PD. Considering all CD activity scores, there were 26 patients with active disease, and half of them had PD, and 85.7% of operated patients had active CD. Values of CAL, PPD, BOP and RBL were higher in active CD than remission, except BOP when compared to CDAI score which was higher in remission of CD. Discussion and conclusion: The results of this study indicate that there is a connection between the activity of CD and the worse condition of the supporting tissues of the gums in the oral cavity which is important to keep in mind the necessity of referring patients with CD to a dentist for timely and adequate therapeutic measures.

Colonoscopy is a key screening method for colorectal cancer (CRC), but its effectiveness is limited. Computer-aided detection (CADe) and computer-aided diagnostics (CADx), as part of an artificial intelligence (AI) system, improve the detection and optical characterization of lesions. This review maps and analyzes the evidence on the application of AI in colonoscopy, with a focus on the detection, segmentation, and characterization of colon neoplasms, available platforms, architectural models and implementation. The review was conducted in accordance with JBI and PRISMA-ScR guidelines, using the PCC framework. Meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, systematic and narrative reviews, observational studies, guidelines, and consensus documents on the use of AI systems in different phases of colonoscopy were searched. CADe significantly improves adenoma detection and reduces the number of missed lesions. CADx, segmentation, depth of invasion assessment, and detection of learned lesions remain limited and heterogeneous. CADe has strong evidence for improving ADR, whereas current evidence for CADx remains insufficient to support a “resect-and-discard” strategy. Further cost-effectiveness studies are needed. Commercial platforms vary in their features and level of clinical validation. Colonoscopy using AI is a current topic with rapid development. This scoping review comprises heterogeneous literature covering clinical applications, technical aspects, the potential benefits and limitations of AI in improving colonoscopy performance and reducing the burden of colorectal cancer. Further trials involving diverse patient populations across different countries are needed to validate and extend the current evidence.