Pleurotus citrinopileatus Singer (PCS) has attracted increasing attention as a raw material for medicine and food. Its quality is greatly affected by the accumulation of metabolites, which varies with the applied drying methods. In this study, we utilize an approach based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/Q Exactive mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QE-MS) to reveal the metabolic profiles of PCS from three different drying methods (natural air-drying, NAD; hot-air-drying, HAD; vacuum freeze-drying, VFD). The results showed that lipids, amino acids and their derivatives were all important secondary metabolites produced during NAD, HAD and VFD treatments, with the key differential metabolites of PCS during drying including fifteen lipids and seven amino acids. Meanwhile, VFD was the best way for long-term preservation of dried PCS. Hot-drying methods, especially HAD, can improve the medicinal component of PCS. Furthermore, KEGG enrichment analysis highlighted 16 pathways and indicated that amino acid metabolism might be the key metabolite pathway for the PCS drying process. Our study elucidates the relationship between drying methods and metabolites or metabolic pathways of PCS to determine the mechanisms affecting the quality of PCS, and finally provides reference values for further development and application in functional food and medications.

Under high-intensity usage, an effective thermal management system is essential to control battery pack temperature within the desired range to guarantee battery safety and ensure a proper life cycle. This study developed a pulsating heat pipe (PHP) based thermal management system to promote battery temperature control. The system was tested for a large battery pack (2 kWh) under mild and severe ambient conditions via ANSYS Fluent simulation. A sensitivity study identified optimal PHP dimensions regarding the battery pack. The performance of PHP for both small and large scales was also evaluated. The system's effectiveness was compared to classical battery thermal management (BTM) systems such as forced air cooling, sidewall water cooling, and traditional heat pipes. The results demonstrated that the developed PHP-based passive cooling system effectively controls temperature, saves space, and reduces power consumption.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play a central role in eukaryotic signal transduction, regulating diverse biological processes including development and stress responses. However, despite Lentinula edodes being the most widely cultivated edible mushroom worldwide, its MAPK cascade gene families remain uncharacterized, and their involvement in cadmium (Cd) stress responses is completely unknown. In this study, we performed genome-wide identification of MAPK cascade genes in L. edodes, uncovering 16 members comprising three LeMAPKKK genes, four LeMAPKK genes, and nine LeMAPK genes. Phylogenetic and homology analyses classified these genes into three putative MAPK cascade pathways. qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated strain-specific, concentration-dependent, and temporally dynamic expression patterns under Cd stress. Notably, four genes (LeMAPK1, LeMAPK7, LeMAPKK2, and LeMAPKKK1) exhibited consistent upregulation across both strains and high Cd concentrations (1 and 10 mg/L) at the 7 h time point. Based on these findings, we propose a working model for Cd stress response in L. edodes centered on these core regulatory genes. These findings may inform breeding strategies for low-Cd-accumulating cultivars and the optimization of cultivation practices to reduce Cd content, with potential implications for the sustainable development of the L. edodes industry and human health.