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The circular economy requires high-value material recovery to enable multiple product lifecycles. This implies the need for additive manufacturing to focus on the development and use of low-impact materials that, after product use, can be reconstituted to their original properties in terms of printability and functionality. We therefore investigated reprintable materials, made from bio-based resources. In order to equally consider material properties and recovery during development, we took a design approach to material development. In this way, the full material and product life cycle was studied, including multiple recovery steps. We applied this method to the development of a reprintable bio-based composite material for extrusion paste printing. This material is derived from natural and abundant resources, i.e., ground mussel shells and alginate. The alginate in the printing paste is ionically cross-linked after printing to create a water-resistant material. This reaction can be reversed to retain a printable paste. We studied paste composition, printability and material properties and 3D printed a design prototype. Alginate as a binder shows good printing and reprinting behaviour, as well as promising material properties. It thus demonstrates the concept of reprintable materials.
Marita Sauerwein; Jure Zlopasa; Zjenja Doubrovski; Conny Bakker; Ruud Balkenende. Reprintable Paste-Based Materials for Additive Manufacturing in a Circular Economy. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8032 .
AMA StyleMarita Sauerwein, Jure Zlopasa, Zjenja Doubrovski, Conny Bakker, Ruud Balkenende. Reprintable Paste-Based Materials for Additive Manufacturing in a Circular Economy. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (19):8032.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarita Sauerwein; Jure Zlopasa; Zjenja Doubrovski; Conny Bakker; Ruud Balkenende. 2020. "Reprintable Paste-Based Materials for Additive Manufacturing in a Circular Economy." Sustainability 12, no. 19: 8032.
Additive manufacturing, also known as 3D printing, is acknowledged for its potential to support sustainable design. In this paper, we explore whether the opportunities that additive manufacturing offers for sustainable design are also useful when designing for a circular economy, and to what extent additive manufacturing can support design for a circular economy. We performed a literature review on the sustainability aspects of additive manufacturing and held a series of interviews with designers about their 3D printed design projects to obtain in-depth information. The interviews were analysed using annotated portfolios, a novel analysis method created specifically for this research. This resulted in a visual representation of the outcomes. We found that additive manufacturing supports circular design strategies by creating opportunities to extend a product's lifespan, for instance by enabling repair or upgrades, even if these products were not originally designed for ease of repair or upgrading. However, the use of monolithic structurally complex parts that support design for recyclability may hinder high value product recovery, like repair. Besides this, the current offer of 3D printable materials should be extended with materials developed for durable use, as well as high-value reuse. Concluding, when accounting for these drawbacks, additive manufacturing is able to support multiple product life cycles and can provide valuable contributions to a circular economy.
Marita Sauerwein; Eugeni Doubrovski; Ruud Balkenende; Conny Bakker. Exploring the potential of additive manufacturing for product design in a circular economy. Journal of Cleaner Production 2019, 226, 1138 -1149.
AMA StyleMarita Sauerwein, Eugeni Doubrovski, Ruud Balkenende, Conny Bakker. Exploring the potential of additive manufacturing for product design in a circular economy. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019; 226 ():1138-1149.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarita Sauerwein; Eugeni Doubrovski; Ruud Balkenende; Conny Bakker. 2019. "Exploring the potential of additive manufacturing for product design in a circular economy." Journal of Cleaner Production 226, no. : 1138-1149.
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Marita Sauerwein; Delft University of Technology; Conny Bakker; Ruud Balkenende. Annotated Portfolios as a Method to Analyse Interviews. DRS2018: Catalyst 2018, 1 .
AMA StyleMarita Sauerwein, Delft University of Technology, Conny Bakker, Ruud Balkenende. Annotated Portfolios as a Method to Analyse Interviews. DRS2018: Catalyst. 2018; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarita Sauerwein; Delft University of Technology; Conny Bakker; Ruud Balkenende. 2018. "Annotated Portfolios as a Method to Analyse Interviews." DRS2018: Catalyst , no. : 1.
The potential of Additive Manufacturing (AM) for distributed production is often mentioned as an enabler for sustainable manufacturing within a circular economy. Currently, even if manufacturing with AM is distributed, the used materials can rarely be acquired locally and are usually obtained from a centralized location. Addressing this issue, we are developing an approach that supports the search for local materials that are suitable as material input for AM and are recyclable to serve multiple product lifecycles. The approach is an iterative process consisting of four phases; ”material in AM context”, ”recycling opportunities”, ”material property testing”, and ”application possibilities”. As an initial example, we present a process to adapt mussel shell waste into AM material. Mussel shells are a voluminous waste stream in the Netherlands. The shells, which mainly exist of calcium carbonate, are ground into a powder and combined with sugar water. Using a modified material extrusion process, 3D objects are created. In this paper, we discuss the iterations through our approach and illustrate the initial 3D printed results. With this project, we intend to demonstrate the potential of using local waste streams for AM processes for a circular economy. This is a first step towards the development of a methodology for linking local material streams to novel AM processes and meaningful applications.
Marita Sauerwein; E.L. Doubrovski. Local and recyclable materials for additive manufacturing: 3D printing with mussel shells. Materials Today Communications 2018, 15, 214 -217.
AMA StyleMarita Sauerwein, E.L. Doubrovski. Local and recyclable materials for additive manufacturing: 3D printing with mussel shells. Materials Today Communications. 2018; 15 ():214-217.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarita Sauerwein; E.L. Doubrovski. 2018. "Local and recyclable materials for additive manufacturing: 3D printing with mussel shells." Materials Today Communications 15, no. : 214-217.