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Conny Bakker
Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CE Delft, The Netherlands

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Journal article
Published: 14 January 2021 in Sustainability
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In a recent study, we identified seven key circular competencies for design: (1) Design for Multiple Use Cycles, (2) Design for Recovery, (3) Circular Impact Assessment, (4) Circular Business Models, (5) Circular User Engagement, (6) Circular Economy Collaboration, and (7) Circular Economy Communication. These were derived from small-scale studies with designers working in the Netherlands. We set out to assess to what extent this set of seven competencies is recognized by an international group of designers and to evaluate whether any competencies are missing. We used an online survey to collect data from 128 respondents from 25 countries working on circular economy projects. The survey results showed that respondents use and have expertise in all seven competencies and they stressed the practical importance of two new competencies: Circular Systems Thinking and Circular Materials and Manufacturing. The resulting set of nine key competencies is the first internationally verified, coherent set of key circular economy competencies for design. This set will strengthen the pedagogical base of design for a circular economy and will guide the development of circular design methodology.

ACS Style

Deborah Sumter; Jotte Koning; Conny Bakker; Ruud Balkenende. Key Competencies for Design in a Circular Economy: Exploring Gaps in Design Knowledge and Skills for a Circular Economy. Sustainability 2021, 13, 776 .

AMA Style

Deborah Sumter, Jotte Koning, Conny Bakker, Ruud Balkenende. Key Competencies for Design in a Circular Economy: Exploring Gaps in Design Knowledge and Skills for a Circular Economy. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (2):776.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Deborah Sumter; Jotte Koning; Conny Bakker; Ruud Balkenende. 2021. "Key Competencies for Design in a Circular Economy: Exploring Gaps in Design Knowledge and Skills for a Circular Economy." Sustainability 13, no. 2: 776.

Journal article
Published: 29 September 2020 in Sustainability
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The circular economy requires high-value material recovery to enable multiple product lifecycles. This implies the need for additive manufacturing to focus on the development and use of low-impact materials that, after product use, can be reconstituted to their original properties in terms of printability and functionality. We therefore investigated reprintable materials, made from bio-based resources. In order to equally consider material properties and recovery during development, we took a design approach to material development. In this way, the full material and product life cycle was studied, including multiple recovery steps. We applied this method to the development of a reprintable bio-based composite material for extrusion paste printing. This material is derived from natural and abundant resources, i.e., ground mussel shells and alginate. The alginate in the printing paste is ionically cross-linked after printing to create a water-resistant material. This reaction can be reversed to retain a printable paste. We studied paste composition, printability and material properties and 3D printed a design prototype. Alginate as a binder shows good printing and reprinting behaviour, as well as promising material properties. It thus demonstrates the concept of reprintable materials.

ACS Style

Marita Sauerwein; Jure Zlopasa; Zjenja Doubrovski; Conny Bakker; Ruud Balkenende. Reprintable Paste-Based Materials for Additive Manufacturing in a Circular Economy. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8032 .

AMA Style

Marita Sauerwein, Jure Zlopasa, Zjenja Doubrovski, Conny Bakker, Ruud Balkenende. Reprintable Paste-Based Materials for Additive Manufacturing in a Circular Economy. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (19):8032.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marita Sauerwein; Jure Zlopasa; Zjenja Doubrovski; Conny Bakker; Ruud Balkenende. 2020. "Reprintable Paste-Based Materials for Additive Manufacturing in a Circular Economy." Sustainability 12, no. 19: 8032.

Editorial
Published: 19 August 2020 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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This special issue asks how product lifetime extension in a circular economy can best be understood and managed. Product lifetime extension through design for durability, reuse, repair, refurbishment and remanufacture, and the associated circular business models, are regarded as an important way forward to achieving a circular economy. As a research field, it has however not received much attention. The collection of 24 papers was partly drawn from the PLATE 2017 conference (Product Lifetimes and the Environment), November 2017 in Delft, the Netherlands. This special issue introductory article provides an overview of the content of the articles, divided into three topics: product design in a circular economy, circular business models, and environmental & economic impact assessment. One of the overall findings is that there is a lack of empirical validation and critical evaluation of many of the widely-held assumptions about design and business model innovation for product lifetime extension. More empirical research is needed in order to build a repertoire of validated approaches, cases, tools and methods, taking into account rebound effects.

ACS Style

C.A. Bakker; R. Mugge; C. Boks; M. Oguchi. Understanding and managing product lifetimes in support of a circular economy. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 279, 123764 .

AMA Style

C.A. Bakker, R. Mugge, C. Boks, M. Oguchi. Understanding and managing product lifetimes in support of a circular economy. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 279 ():123764.

Chicago/Turabian Style

C.A. Bakker; R. Mugge; C. Boks; M. Oguchi. 2020. "Understanding and managing product lifetimes in support of a circular economy." Journal of Cleaner Production 279, no. : 123764.

Research
Published: 11 August 2020 in Journal of Remanufacturing
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Adopting design approaches that allow products to last multiple use-cycles supports European Commission objectives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and reduce primary material impacts. Remanufacturing is an example of an appropriate circular strategy and it can be applied in a variety of industries that are intensive materials users. However, most companies have not yet adopted design strategies facilitating remanufacturing at scale. In this paper, we explored how design management can facilitate the implementation of Design for Remanufacturing, based on a literature review and in-depth interviews. Seven companies active in business-to-business markets were interviewed about the design-related opportunities and barriers they see for remanufacturing. We found that access to technical knowledge is not a barrier, whereas integrating this knowledge into the existing design process is. We conclude that design management can contribute to the uptake of Design for Remanufacturing for the following reasons: by making the value of Design for Remanufacturing to the company at large explicit, by building bridges between internal and external stakeholders, and by embedding Design for Remanufacturing into existing processes by means of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) and roadmaps.

ACS Style

Nina Boorsma; Ruud Balkenende; Conny Bakker; Tanya Tsui; David Peck. Incorporating design for remanufacturing in the early design stage: a design management perspective. Journal of Remanufacturing 2020, 11, 25 -48.

AMA Style

Nina Boorsma, Ruud Balkenende, Conny Bakker, Tanya Tsui, David Peck. Incorporating design for remanufacturing in the early design stage: a design management perspective. Journal of Remanufacturing. 2020; 11 (1):25-48.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nina Boorsma; Ruud Balkenende; Conny Bakker; Tanya Tsui; David Peck. 2020. "Incorporating design for remanufacturing in the early design stage: a design management perspective." Journal of Remanufacturing 11, no. 1: 25-48.

Journal article
Published: 23 April 2020 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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Fault diagnosis is the process of identifying and characterising a fault when a failure occurs. It is, therefore, an essential step to take before product-repair. In this study, we ask how conventional users diagnose faults in household appliances and how the design of these appliances facilitates or hampers the process of fault diagnosis.To investigate this we qualitatively analyse the content of iFixit’s online repair forum for three products: kitchen blenders, vacuum cleaners, and refrigerators. First, we develop a conceptual analysis framework based on the literature. Second, using conventional content analysis, we correlate facilitating and hampering features with the appliances’ design. The process of fault diagnosis can be described by the subsequent actions of fault detection, fault location and fault isolation. Our results show that consumers detect faults by noticing five types of symptoms. Subsequently, two distinct diagnosis approaches can be distinguished. One follows a trial and error approach where the user performs diagnosis actions which usually result in replacing a potentially defective component until the symptoms disappear. The other occurs when the symptoms are error codes; the defective part can be more accurately identified, and the diagnosis is straightforward. The results also show that appliances are not designed to make fault diagnosis easy. Access to and visibility of components are often blocked, making fault isolation challenging. User manuals commonly lack relevant explanations, for instance when symptoms are different from error codes. Based on these findings, we propose a number of design recommendations to facilitate fault diagnosis for household appliance users.

ACS Style

Beatriz Pozo Arcos; Conny Bakker; Sebastiaan Flipsen; Ruud Balkenende. Practices of fault diagnosis in household appliances: Insights for design. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 265, 121812 .

AMA Style

Beatriz Pozo Arcos, Conny Bakker, Sebastiaan Flipsen, Ruud Balkenende. Practices of fault diagnosis in household appliances: Insights for design. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 265 ():121812.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Beatriz Pozo Arcos; Conny Bakker; Sebastiaan Flipsen; Ruud Balkenende. 2020. "Practices of fault diagnosis in household appliances: Insights for design." Journal of Cleaner Production 265, no. : 121812.

Journal article
Published: 19 February 2020 in Sustainability
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This study addresses what competencies (knowledge, skills, and attitudes) designers need in order to successfully design products and services for a circular economy. Existing literature, though sparse, has identified a number of circular economy competencies for design. Yet, a coherent overview is lacking. To complement the competencies found in the literature with insights from practice, we conducted 18 semi-structured interviews with design professionals. Our study identifies seven circular economy competencies for design: (1) Circular Impact Assessment, (2) Design for Recovery, (3) Design for Multiple Use Cycles, (4) Circular Business Models, (5) Circular User Engagement, (6) Circular Economy Collaboration, and (7) Circular Economy Communication. We used a general sustainability competencies framework to categorize our findings. Interestingly, we did not find evidence of the Systems Thinking competency in practice, although in the literature it is mentioned as a relevant competency for design for a circular economy. In addition, we found that methods and tools are still largely lacking or in a premature stage of development. We conclude that design for a circular economy can be seen as an upcoming, independent field within the sustainability domain, and that requires a specific set of competencies, methods, and tools. Our overview of circular economy competencies for design can guide the development of relevant methods and tools, circular economy-based design curricula, and training programs in the future.

ACS Style

Deborah Sumter; Jotte De Koning; Conny Bakker; Ruud Balkenende. Circular Economy Competencies for Design. Sustainability 2020, 12, 1561 .

AMA Style

Deborah Sumter, Jotte De Koning, Conny Bakker, Ruud Balkenende. Circular Economy Competencies for Design. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (4):1561.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Deborah Sumter; Jotte De Koning; Conny Bakker; Ruud Balkenende. 2020. "Circular Economy Competencies for Design." Sustainability 12, no. 4: 1561.

Journal article
Published: 17 February 2020 in Sustainability
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For the transition toward a circular economy, it is essential that products are returned for reuse, refurbishing or recycling. In order to address the lack of literature on the topic from a user perspective, this paper explores how users can be stimulated to return used smartphones. Taking a Research through Design approach, we developed a novel set of “design for divestment” principles. Divestment is the process users experience when separating from a product. After introducing a conceptual model of divestment based on an extension of the Consumer Decision Process model by Blackwell, Engel, and Miniard, we describe seven empirical studies (i.e., design projects) into smartphone divestment. The studies explore factors that influence a successful divestment process. We report on a highly complex process with interrelated factors changing over time. While it is impossible to define a blueprint for an ideal divestment process, several patterns emerged such as the need to emotionally support users, to give them confidence regarding data security, and to provide information at the right moment. These unique insights contribute to consumer research (i.e., circular consumption); and by translating the insights to ten design principles for divestment, a novel contribution is made to the field of design research.

ACS Style

Flora Poppelaars; Conny Bakker; Jo Van Engelen. Design for Divestment in a Circular Economy: Stimulating Voluntary Return of Smartphones through Design. Sustainability 2020, 12, 1488 .

AMA Style

Flora Poppelaars, Conny Bakker, Jo Van Engelen. Design for Divestment in a Circular Economy: Stimulating Voluntary Return of Smartphones through Design. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (4):1488.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Flora Poppelaars; Conny Bakker; Jo Van Engelen. 2020. "Design for Divestment in a Circular Economy: Stimulating Voluntary Return of Smartphones through Design." Sustainability 12, no. 4: 1488.

Journal article
Published: 12 April 2019 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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Additive manufacturing, also known as 3D printing, is acknowledged for its potential to support sustainable design. In this paper, we explore whether the opportunities that additive manufacturing offers for sustainable design are also useful when designing for a circular economy, and to what extent additive manufacturing can support design for a circular economy. We performed a literature review on the sustainability aspects of additive manufacturing and held a series of interviews with designers about their 3D printed design projects to obtain in-depth information. The interviews were analysed using annotated portfolios, a novel analysis method created specifically for this research. This resulted in a visual representation of the outcomes. We found that additive manufacturing supports circular design strategies by creating opportunities to extend a product's lifespan, for instance by enabling repair or upgrades, even if these products were not originally designed for ease of repair or upgrading. However, the use of monolithic structurally complex parts that support design for recyclability may hinder high value product recovery, like repair. Besides this, the current offer of 3D printable materials should be extended with materials developed for durable use, as well as high-value reuse. Concluding, when accounting for these drawbacks, additive manufacturing is able to support multiple product life cycles and can provide valuable contributions to a circular economy.

ACS Style

Marita Sauerwein; Eugeni Doubrovski; Ruud Balkenende; Conny Bakker. Exploring the potential of additive manufacturing for product design in a circular economy. Journal of Cleaner Production 2019, 226, 1138 -1149.

AMA Style

Marita Sauerwein, Eugeni Doubrovski, Ruud Balkenende, Conny Bakker. Exploring the potential of additive manufacturing for product design in a circular economy. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019; 226 ():1138-1149.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marita Sauerwein; Eugeni Doubrovski; Ruud Balkenende; Conny Bakker. 2019. "Exploring the potential of additive manufacturing for product design in a circular economy." Journal of Cleaner Production 226, no. : 1138-1149.

Journal article
Published: 11 July 2018 in Sustainability
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In the transition to a circular economy companies are exploring new business models, implying a shift from selling products to offering products in circular business models, such as leasing. Product design is thought to play a crucial role in enabling this. Having a robust overview of relevant design roles and competencies is of foundational importance for the development of circular design tools and methods, and for the development of circular economy-based design curricula in higher education. However, how the role of design and the competencies required by designers need to change has hardly been investigated. Building on insights from literature regarding competencies of designers required to consider sustainability, sustainable design, and circular design, we developed a framework in which these competencies are related to the functional, coordinating, and strategic roles that have been recognized within the literature for designers. To complement the results from the literature with insights from practice, a single longitudinal in-depth case study was carried out describing a lease and refurbishment pilot conducted by a Dutch design-driven manufacturer of baby strollers. This case study allowed verification of the literature regarding the functional and coordinating roles of the designer. In addition, we were able to fill the gap observed in the literature regarding the strategic role product designers can assume when designing offers for circular business models. The competencies that we found are (1) the ability to concurrently develop the circular business model and the product’s design and (2) the ability to anticipate how the circular offering will evolve over multiple lifecycles. These findings have been used to expand the framework.

ACS Style

Deborah Sumter; Conny Bakker; Ruud Balkenende. The Role of Product Design in Creating Circular Business Models: A Case Study on the Lease and Refurbishment of Baby Strollers. Sustainability 2018, 10, 2415 .

AMA Style

Deborah Sumter, Conny Bakker, Ruud Balkenende. The Role of Product Design in Creating Circular Business Models: A Case Study on the Lease and Refurbishment of Baby Strollers. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (7):2415.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Deborah Sumter; Conny Bakker; Ruud Balkenende. 2018. "The Role of Product Design in Creating Circular Business Models: A Case Study on the Lease and Refurbishment of Baby Strollers." Sustainability 10, no. 7: 2415.

Journal article
Published: 22 June 2018 in Sustainability
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Value creation in a circular economy is based on products being returned after use. In the case of smartphones, most are never returned and tend to be kept in drawers. Smartphone access services (e.g., leasing or upgrade) have been experimented with in the Netherlands but have been largely unsuccessful. This study explores the reasons why consumers rejected these access-based smartphone services and is one of the very few to address this topic. The findings are compared with the case of car access services, which are socially better accepted, to identify potential areas for improvement. The qualitative study consists of in-depth interviews with consumers (n = 18) who either adopted and used a smartphone or car access service, or had considered a new smartphone or car but did not choose access-based consumption. The findings of this small-scale study suggest that the main reasons for the rejection of smartphone access services are a lack of awareness, misunderstanding of terms and conditions, and unsatisfactory compensation for their sacrifice of not owning. Smartphone access providers could thus clearly communicate customers’ rights and responsibilities, offer an excellent service experience (especially during repair) by taking over the burdens of ownership, and stimulate the societal logic shift from ownership to access.

ACS Style

Flora Poppelaars; Conny Bakker; Jo Van Engelen. Does Access Trump Ownership? Exploring Consumer Acceptance of Access-Based Consumption in the Case of Smartphones. Sustainability 2018, 10, 2133 .

AMA Style

Flora Poppelaars, Conny Bakker, Jo Van Engelen. Does Access Trump Ownership? Exploring Consumer Acceptance of Access-Based Consumption in the Case of Smartphones. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (7):2133.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Flora Poppelaars; Conny Bakker; Jo Van Engelen. 2018. "Does Access Trump Ownership? Exploring Consumer Acceptance of Access-Based Consumption in the Case of Smartphones." Sustainability 10, no. 7: 2133.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2014 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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ACS Style

Conny Bakker; Feng Wang; Jaco Huisman; Marcel Den Hollander. Products that go round: exploring product life extension through design. Journal of Cleaner Production 2014, 69, 10 -16.

AMA Style

Conny Bakker, Feng Wang, Jaco Huisman, Marcel Den Hollander. Products that go round: exploring product life extension through design. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2014; 69 ():10-16.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Conny Bakker; Feng Wang; Jaco Huisman; Marcel Den Hollander. 2014. "Products that go round: exploring product life extension through design." Journal of Cleaner Production 69, no. : 10-16.

Original articles
Published: 01 March 2010 in International Journal of Sustainable Engineering
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The cradle-to-cradle (C2C) concept of McDonough and Braungart, which has a strong emphasis on materials strategy, gives a vision of a sustainable future, inspired by nature. Their guilt-free approach has enthused many new people, drawing them into the field of sustainability. However, the question of when and how the C2C concept can be applied successfully in business is still being debated. This paper takes a look at the applicability of the C2C concept in day-to-day product development in a business setting. Based on student design projects for several multinationals, the strengths and weaknesses of the concept are evaluated. In particular, the compatibility of C2C and life cycle assessment (LCA) is addressed. The authors conclude that LCA and C2C can and should be used as complementary tools. C2C's main value is that it triggers many questions about current business practice. Designers may play an interesting role in ‘paving the way’ for the restructuring of business operations according to C2C: through design pilots they can show how C2C could make business sense. LCA should be used to assess whether such pilots still make environmental sense if implemented in today's ‘real world’.

ACS Style

C.A. Bakker; R. Wever; Ch. Teoh; S. De Clercq. Designing cradle-to-cradle products: a reality check. International Journal of Sustainable Engineering 2010, 3, 2 -8.

AMA Style

C.A. Bakker, R. Wever, Ch. Teoh, S. De Clercq. Designing cradle-to-cradle products: a reality check. International Journal of Sustainable Engineering. 2010; 3 (1):2-8.

Chicago/Turabian Style

C.A. Bakker; R. Wever; Ch. Teoh; S. De Clercq. 2010. "Designing cradle-to-cradle products: a reality check." International Journal of Sustainable Engineering 3, no. 1: 2-8.