The piRNA (PIWI-interacting RNA) is P-Element induced wimpy testis (PIWI)-interacting RNA which is a small molecule, non-coding RNA with a length of 24-32nt. It was originally found in germ cells and is considered a regulator of germ cell function. It can interact with PIWI protein, a member of the Argonaute family, and play a role in the regulation of gene transcription and epigenetic silencing of transposable factors in the nucleus. More and more studies have shown that piRNAs are abnormally expressed in a variety of cancer tissues and patient fluids, and may become diagnostic tools, therapeutic targets, staging markers, and prognostic evaluation tools for cancer. This article reviews the recent research on piRNA and summarizes the structural characteristics, production mechanism, applications, and its role in urological tumors, to provide a reference value for piRNA to regulate urological tumors.

The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the utilization of Raman spectroscopy in urinary system diseases, highlighting its potential in non-invasive diagnostic methodologies for early diagnosis and prognostic assessment of urinary ailments. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar using 'raman,' 'bladder,' 'kidney,' 'prostate,' 'cancer,' 'infection,' 'stone or urinary calculi,' and 'urine or urinary,' along with 'AND' and 'OR' to refine our search. We excluded irrelevant articles and screened potential ones based on titles and abstracts before assessing the full texts for relevance and quality. The findings indicate that RS can furnish data on biomolecules in urine, which is significant for non-invasive diagnostic approaches. It has shown potential within non-invasive diagnostic methodologies and is expected to play a pivotal role in the early diagnosis and prognostic assessment of urinary system diseases, such as malignancies, urinary tract infections, kidney diseases, urolithiasis, and other urinary conditions. Raman spectroscopy has demonstrated significant potential in providing precise and rapid diagnostic approaches for clinical use in the context of urinary system diseases. Its ability to analyze biomolecules non-invasively positions it as an increasingly important tool in the early diagnosis and prognostic assessment of these conditions.

This study aims to identify risk factors for acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with ureterolithiasis and to develop a predictive model for early AKI detection in this population. A retrospective analysis was conducted on data from 1,016 patients with ureterolithiasis who presented to our outpatient emergency department between January 2021 and December 2022. Using multifactorial logistic regression, we identified independent risk factors for AKI and constructed a nomogram to predict AKI risk. The predictive model's efficacy was assessed through the area under the ROC curve, calibration curves, Hosmer-Lemeshow (HL) test, and decision curve analysis (DCA). AKI was diagnosed in 18.7% of the patients. Independent risk factors identified included age, fever, diabetes, hyperuricemia, bilateral calculi, functional solitary kidney, self-medication, and prehospital delay. The nomogram demonstrated excellent discriminatory capabilities, with AUCs of 0.818 (95% CI, 0.775-0.861) for the modeling set and 0.782 (95% CI, 0.708-0.856) for the validation set. Both calibration curve and HL test results confirmed strong concordance between the model's predictions and actual observations. DCA highlighted the model's significant clinical utility. The predictive model developed in this study provides clinicians with a valuable tool for early identification and management of patients at high risk for AKI, thereby potentially enhancing patient outcomes.

Bladder cancer (BCa) stands out as a highly prevalent malignant tumor affecting the urinary system. The Sex determining region Y-box protein family is recognized for its crucial role in BCa progression. However, the effect of Sex determining region Y-box 7 (SOX7) on BCa progression has not been fully elucidated. Herein, RNA-sequencing, western blot (WB), immunohistochemistry (IHC), immunofluorescence (IF) and tissue microarray were utilized to assess SOX7 expression in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, SOX7 expression, prognosis, and SOX7 + cytoglobin (CYGB) score were analyzed using R software. In vitro and vivo experiments were performed with BCa cell lines to validate the effect of SOX7 knockdown and overexpression on the malignant progression of BCa. The results showed that SOX7 exhibits low expression in BCa. It functions in diverse capacities, inhibiting the proliferative, migratory, and invasive capabilities of BCa. In addition, the experimental database demonstrated that SOX7 binds to the promoter of DNA methyltransferase 3 beta (DNMT3B), leading to the transcriptional inhibition of DNMT3B. This subsequently results in a reduced methylation of CYGB promoter, ultimately inhibiting the tumor progression of BCa. SOX7 + CYGB scores were significantly linked to patient prognosis. In conclusion, SOX7 inhibits the malignant progression of BCa via the DNMT3B/CYGB axis. Additionally, the SOX7 + CYGB score is capable of predicting the prognostic outcomes of BCa patients. Therefore, SOX7 and CYGB may play an important role in the progression of bladder cancer, and they can be used as prognostic markers of bladder cancer patients.

Background Current research in clinical oncology is focused on exploring gender-based variations in cancer risk and prognosis. Male bladder cancer incidence significantly surpasses that in females across the world. While several factors contribute to variations in cancer susceptibility between sex, a burgeoning body of research underscores the signififcance of distinct activity levels in Y-linked tumor suppressor genes in males and females. Here, we investigate the role of Y-linked lysine(K) demethylase 5D (KDM5D) in the prognosis and metastasis of bladder cancer. Methods By conducting Quantitative Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR), Western Blot, immunohistochemistry, fluorescence, tumor microenvironment analysis, and bioinformatics pathway analysis on bladder cancer cell lines, bladder cancer tissues, adjacent normal epithelial tissues, combined with statistical analysis using SPSS, Results it was found that KDM5D is low expression in male bladder cancer. Moreover, this underexpression is associated with higher recurrence and metastasis rates. In silico analysis suggests that KDM5D may influence tumor metastasis or recurrence through inflammation response and EMT. Conclusion These findings not only provide evidence to support further precision medicine efforts but also offer new insights for bladder cancer recurrence or metastasis.