This paper presents a new architecture for the frequency-selective digital predistortion (DPD) for two- and three-band power amplifier (PA) linearization. Also, largely spaced-signal DPD using a digital intermediate frequency (IF) technique is demonstrated. The algorithm used accounts for differential memory effects up to fifth order for bands that can be arbitrarily spaced. The simulation and experimental studies are performed using various signal sets; two- and three-band multitone signals with various tone spacing, band separation, and complementary cumulative distribution function. An improvement of 10 dB over third-order linearization is demonstrated in simulation for more than 20 dB of adjacent channel power ratio reduction. The test signal and the linearization algorithm were implemented on a field-programmable gate array. The linearization algorithm was applied to an RF amplifier at 700-900 MHz. For the two-band case, more than 15 dB on the in-band, 13 dB on the third, and 5 dB on the fifth intermodulation distortion (IMD) cancellation were achieved. For the three-band case, more than 12 dB of IMD cancellation was observed. For largely spaced signal DPD, more than 15 dB of IMD cancellation was achieved. In the three-band case, the linearization of intermodulation byproducts overlapping with the in-band distortion is found to be of critical importance.

Circuit simulation is a powerful methodology to generate differential mathematical models. Due to its highly accurate modeling capability, circuit simulation can be used to investigate interactions between the parts and processes of a cellular system. Circuit simulation has become a core technology for the field of electrical engineering, but its application in biology has not yet been fully realized. As a case study for evaluating the more advanced features of a circuit simulation tool called Advanced Design System (ADS), we collected and modeled laboratory data for iron metabolism in mouse kidney cells for a H ferritin (HFt) receptor, T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-2 (TIM-2). The internal controlling parameters of TIM-2 associated iron metabolism were extracted and the ratios of iron movement among cellular compartments were quantified by ADS. The differential model processed by circuit simulation demonstrated a capability to identify variables and predict outcomes that could not be readily measured by in vitro experiments. For example, an initial rate of uptake of iron-loaded HFt (Fe-HFt) was 2.17 pmol per million cells. TIM-2 binding probability with Fe-HFt was 16.6%. An average of 8.5 min was required for the complex of TIM-2 and Fe-HFt to form an endosome. The endosome containing HFt lasted roughly 2 h. At the end of endocytosis, about 28% HFt remained intact and the rest was degraded. Iron released from degraded HFt was in the labile iron pool (LIP) and stimulated the generation of endogenous HFt for new storage. Both experimental data and the model showed that TIM-2 was not involved in the process of iron export. The extracted internal controlling parameters successfully captured the complexity of TIM-2 pathway and the use of circuit simulation-based modeling across a wider range of cellular systems is the next step for validating the significance and utility of this method.