Telemedicine ensures quality, cost-effective, and equally accessible healthcare services for everyone. Nonetheless, a poor usage rate could curb its progression in developing cultures like Bangladesh. Therefore, this research examines how external stimuli promote the continuous usage intentions of synchronous telemedicine services through engagement and satisfaction by deploying the stimulus-organism-response framework. A final sample of 312 telemedicine users was analyzed using the structural equation modeling in AMOS. The average age of the participants was 26.28 (std. deviation 5.53), and their average use of telemedicine was 2.39 times (std. deviation 1.31) over the last six months. This study empirically endorsed that the stimuli, including performance expectancy, information quality, and contamination avoidance, as well as organismic factors such as engagement and satisfaction, directly impacted the continuance desires for telemedicine use. In addition, the analyses validated the mediation roles of engagement and satisfaction. Furthermore, performance and effort expectancies influenced engagement, which affected satisfaction along with performance expectancy, functionality, and information quality. Accordingly, telemedicine facilitators should integrate these critical attributes into the system to sustain engagement, satisfaction, and usage intentions. This study has pioneered the effects of performance and effort expectancies on continuous usage intentions facilitated by engagement and satisfaction in the telemedicine landscape.

Purpose: The present study fills an under-researched void in leadership style research in non-Western contexts by exploring its effects on employee outcomes in the non-Western context, namely, the private sector of Bangladesh. More specifically, the MLQ-5X was used to test the impact of transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership on employee satisfaction, perceived leadership effectiveness, and extra employee effort. Methodology: A quantitative method was applied, and survey data were collected from respondents from several private sector organizations in Bangladesh using the MLQ-5X to measure the extent of employees’ perceptions of supervisors’ leadership style and its implications for employee creativity. The relationship between the three leadership styles and effectiveness, satisfaction, and extra effort was tested using statistical analysis. Findings: The findings indicate that a high level of transformational leadership is positively related to employees' job satisfaction, perceived effectiveness, and extra effort. Transactional leadership was positively correlated with these results to a moderate extent. In contrast, laissez-faire leadership is negatively associated with all three outcomes, meaning that employees are less satisfied and perceive their leaders as less effective. Practical Implications: The results indicate that developing transformational leadership practices in the private sector of a country like Bangladesh could have human resource management and leadership development implications, as promoting transformational leadership abilities can create desired outcomes on employee satisfaction and commitment, which eventually ensures long-term organizational survival. Leadership development programs should focus on developing transformational skills and minimizing laissez-faire behavior. Originality/Value: The findings of this study add to the limited empirical literature on leadership styles in developing countries. In validating the MLQ-5X in Bangladesh, this study shows the model’s cross-cultural relevance and its implications for leadership practices that could potentially enhance organizational performance within South Asian economies. Limitations: The cross-sectional nature of this study precludes inferences about causality and can induce perceptual bias. Longitudinal studies that include both supervisor and employee perspectives in future research will allow for a more comprehensive understanding of the leadership process.