Electroporation is used in medicine for drug and gene delivery, and as a nonthermal ablation method in tumor treatment and cardiac ablation. Electroporation involves delivering high-voltage electric pulses to target tissue; however, this can cause effects beyond the intended target tissue like nerve stimulation, muscle contractions and pain, requiring use of sedatives or anesthetics. It was previously shown that adjusting pulse parameters may mitigate some of these effects, but not how these adjustments would affect electroporation’s efficacy. We investigated the effect of varying pulse parameters such as interphase and interpulse delay while keeping the duration and number of pulses constant on nerve stimulation, muscle contraction and assessing pain and electroporation efficacy, conducting experiments on human volunteers, tissue samples and cell lines in vitro. Our results show that using specific pulse parameters, particularly short high-frequency biphasic pulses with short interphase and long interpulse delays, reduces muscle contractions and pain sensations in healthy individuals. Higher stimulation thresholds were also observed in experiments on isolated swine phrenic nerves and human esophagus tissues. However, changes in the interphase and interpulse delays did not affect the cell permeability and survival, suggesting that modifying the pulse parameters could minimize adverse effects while preserving therapeutic goals in electroporation.

Cell exposure to high-voltage, short-duration electric pulses can lead to temporary formation of hydrophilic pores in the plasma membrane and an increase in the membrane's permeability which consequently increases the transmembrane transport of molecules that are otherwise unable to cross the membrane. This phenomenon, termed membrane electroporation, is currently an applicable technique in different areas such as biomedicine, biotechnology, food technology and environmental applications. Electroporation pulses are generated by pulse power generators known as electroporators and delivered to the cells (in tissue) via electrodes. The objective of this paper is to review and compare characteristics of electroporation applications and equipment described in the literature and/or present on the market. Since there are no specific standards or regulations that specifically refer to the safety of medical devices with intended medical uses for electroporation, we propose guidelines for the design of clinical electroporators and define minimal requirements for their safe and efficient use which can be incorporated within the particular standards in the future. In order to facilitate the comparison of data obtained by different research groups and to enable reproduction of results under the same conditions, we want to stress the necessity of defining the electroporator's output parameters and tolerances of electroporation parameters for electroporation-based therapies.

Gene electrotransfer (GET) is considered one of the most efficient, safe, reproducible, and cost-effective methods of gene therapy, in which a gene is delivered to the cells in the form of a plasmid DNA vector by a method known as electroporation. To achieve successful electroporation, cells must be exposed to sufficiently high electric fields generated by short-duration, high-voltage electrical pulses that result in a temporary increase in plasma membrane permeability. The electrical pulses are generated by pulse generators (electroporators) and delivered to the cells via electrodes (applicators). However, there is a lack of standardized pulse delivery protocols as well as certified clinical pulse generators and applicators for gene delivery. In this paper, the development of a new pulse generator, applicator, and pulse delivery protocol for GET to skin cells is presented. A numerical model of electroporated skin developed and tested for two electrode configurations and two different pulse delivery protocols is also presented. An alternative pulse delivery protocol was proposed. The developed pulse generator, applicator, and the proposed pulse delivery protocol were then used in vivo for GET to skin cells in mice. The results showed high efficiency of the proposed pulse delivery protocol for the purpose of GET in mouse skin cells. Specifically, electroporation with the developed pulse generator, applicator, and proposed pulse delivery protocol resulted in higher gene expression in skin cells compared to the currently used pulse generator, applicator, and pulse delivery protocol.