The mechanical properties, texture and microstructural evolution of a 6111 aluminum alloy during hot rolling and cold rolling deformation were systematically investigated in this article. The results show that cold rolling and hot rolling have significant effects on the tensile behaviors of the alloy. The shear texture and recrystallization texture mainly formed during the hot rolling deformation process, while the rolling texture mainly formed during the cold rolling deformation. The grain refinement mechanisms depend significantly on the rolling process. Movement of shear zone and recrystallization are the main grain refinement mechanisms during the hot rolling process, while dislocations tangling is the main grain refinement mechanism during the cold rolling process. The recrystallization textures and shear textures affect the anisotropy in elongation but the rolling textures affect significantly the anisotropy in yield strength.