This paper proposes a 4-bit array multiplier useful in the design of basically mixer circuit, which is highly involved in signal and image processing using an efficient low-power VLSI technique. The presented architecture is completely implemented adiabatic techniques in the Near Threshold Region, which optimize the product of propagation delay and power dissipation. Multiplier is the most frequently used element in many digital electronics applications. Depending on the applications, various types of multipliers emerge. With this technique, the total power dissipation, i.e. dynamic power dissipation as well as static power dissipation is less as compared to the conventional CMOS technique. The Near Threshold Adiabatic Logic (NTAL) technique is used with a single timevarying power supply which reduces the clock tree management and enhances the energy-saving capability. Simulation of the proposed design is done by Cadence virtuoso schematic editor with specter simulator on TSMC 65 nm technology node to verify the optimized result. Also comparing our result to conventional CMOS techniques with all the same design parameters, the result shows that power dissipation improvement of approximately 66.6%, 14.4%, and 64.6% with respect to varying frequency, supply voltage, and load capacitance with other parameters keep constant such as if the frequency is varying than capacitance load value is C_load = 10 pF and V_DD(max)= 1.2 V, similarly if the supply voltage is varying than capacitance load value is C_load = 10 pF and frequency F = 4 GHz and if load capacitance is varying than frequency F = 4 GHz and supply voltage V_DD(max)= 1.2 V.

In this study, a new switched-capacitor-based seven-level inverter topology with a photovoltaic system is presented. The proposed topology requires a smaller number of devices and has the ability to self-balance the voltage across the capacitor. The proposed topology configuration is simple and has the ability to extend to higher levels of voltage. This multilevel inverter topology is suitable for low- and medium-voltage applications with photovoltaic (PV) system integration. To improve the PV system efficiency as an input of a DC–DC boost converter, a Fuzzy logic-based maximum power point controller technique is used. A PV system with a DC–DC boost converter integrates with the proposed seven-level inverter topology. The anti-predatory particle swarm optimization (APSO) technique is used to solve the non-linear transduction equations of the seven-level PV switched-capacitor-based multilevel inverter (7L−PV−SCMLI) topology. The proposed APSO is described to minimize the harmonics in the multilevel inverter (MLIs), which is a complex optimization problem involving a non-linear transcendental equation. Furthermore, APSO can be applied in order to solve non-linear transcendental equations for all symmetrical and asymmetrical MLIs that have equal and non-equal DC sources. The APSO-based selected harmonic elimination (SHE) technique obtained the best switching angle value, and the optimized obtained switching angles reduced the total harmonic distortion (THD) of 7L−PV−SCMLI.

A compact reconfigurable MIMO antenna was developed for cognitive radio applications in this research work. A bandstop filter-based decoupling network was employed in this MIMO antenna to keep mutual coupling at a minimum. A single PIN diode was connected in the filter configuration for the purpose of reconfiguration. Controlling the ON/OFF conditions of the PIN diode, it became possible to achieve a MIMO operating frequency of 4.75 GHz in mode 1 and 1.77 GHz in mode 2, respectively. At 4.75 GHz, isolation was 42.68 dB, while at 1.77 GHz, isolation was 26.52 dB. The proposed reconfigurable MIMO antenna achieved a peak gain and radiation efficiency of 6.63 dBi and 92.04 percent in mode 1 and 4.41 dBi and 89.64 percent in mode 2. MIMO characteristics such as an envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) less than 0.253, diversity gain (DG) greater than 9.675 dB, a mean effective gain (MEG) measurement ratio of less than 0.00388 dB, and channel capacity loss (CCL) of less than 0.06528 bits/s/Hz were measured for both operational frequency bands. To make it simple to integrate into small wireless devices, the overall size of the antenna is limited to $48 \mathrm{mm}\times 24 \mathrm{mm} \left(0.28 {\lambda }_0\times 0.12 {\lambda }_0\right)$.

The goal of this research is to lay the groundwork for understanding the particle swarm optimization technique. The applicability of this technique is proven by solving a variety of Constraint and unconstraint optimization problems. During the operation of the power system, economic load dispatch is a vital optimization activity for allocating generation between the committed units to divide the power while meeting various system constraints economically. In this work, the modified PSO method's application to the electrical power system's economic load dispatch problem on 3-generator, 5-generator and 13-generator systems are also investigated. In this research work Exterior penalty method is applied to convert constraint optimization problem into unconstraint optimization problem