Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of delirium and its association with mortality rates in elderly inpatients. Methods: The medical records of 1435 patients over 65 years old who were treated at a regional university hospital and were referred to the university’s Consultation and Liaison Psychiatry Clinic for psychological evaluation were retrospectively analyzed. Patients with and without a diagnosis of delirium were compared. The National Survival Database was used to determine mortality rates. Results: The prevalence of delirium was 25.5%. The delirium group was older (p < .0001) and had a larger proportion of males (p < .0001). Mortality rate was higher in the delirium group at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years (p < .0001 for all). Age, gender, lower urinary system diseases, chronic liver disease, solid hematologic malignancy, infections, and Alzheimer’s disease emerged as significant parameters associated with mortality. Multivariate analysis of these parameters indicated that comorbid diseases (lower urinary system diseases, chronic liver disease, solid hematologic malignancy, infections, and Alzheimer’s disease) are risk factors for mortality independent of demographic data such as age and gender. Conclusions: Independent of all other factors, delirium is associated with higher mortality risk.

Prostate cancer (PCa) remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality among men. Although prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a key biomarker, its diagnostic and prognostic limitations necessitate the identification of novel markers. Urotensin-2 (UT-2), a potent vasoactive peptide, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several malignancies, but its role in prostate cancer remains underexplored. This study aimed to evaluate plasma UT-2 levels across disease stages in PCa and assess its potential as a biomarker for metastatic disease. This cross-sectional study included 147 male patients: 100 with metastatic PCa and 47 controls (comprising benign prostatic hyperplasia [BPH], localized, and locally advanced PCa). Plasma UT-2 levels were quantified using ELISA. Statistical analyses included analysis of variance, Kruskal–Wallis, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to assess UT-2’s discriminative ability and its correlation with clinical parameters such as Gleason score, ISUP grade, and PSA. UT-2 levels were significantly elevated in metastatic PCa patients (mean: 2.03 ± 0.91 ng/mL) compared to control groups (BPH: 1.42 ± 0.61 ng/mL; localized: 1.46 ± 0.71 ng/mL; locally advanced: 1.41 ± 0.76 ng/mL; P = .002). ROC analysis demonstrated a moderate discriminatory ability for metastasis (AUC = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.61–0.79), with a cutoff of 1.269 ng/mL yielding 81% sensitivity and 53% specificity. No significant associations were observed between UT-2 levels and Gleason score, ISUP grade, PSA levels, or metastatic site. This is the first clinical study to evaluate plasma UT-2 levels in PCa patients. Elevated UT-2 levels in metastatic cases, independent of traditional prognostic markers, suggest its potential utility in identifying systemic disease burden. While not suitable as a standalone diagnostic tool, UT-2 may serve as a complementary biomarker within a multiparameter panel to improve prognostication and risk stratification in PCa. Further prospective and longitudinal studies are warranted to validate its prognostic significance.

Neoadjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are standard of care for resectable stage IIIB–D melanoma, but knowledge gaps remain regarding optimal treatment type, long-term survival, postsurgical management and clinical, histopathological or molecular subgroups. We analyzed 1,038 patients treated with neoadjuvant ICIs ( n = 735), BRAF and MEK inhibitors (BRAF/MEKis; n = 119) or ICI plus any targeted therapy (ICI + TT; n = 184) from 26 international sites in both trial (755, 72.7%) and nontrial (283, 27.3%) settings. ICI regimens included anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) alone (PD-1 alone; n = 242) and anti-PD-1 plus other immuno-oncology agent(s) (PD-1 + IO; n = 489). Outcomes included major pathological response (MPR), recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS). An MPR was achieved in 57.8% of patients with ICIs, 51.4% with BRAF/MEKis and 44.6% with ICI + TT. PD-1 + IO elicited higher MPR rates than PD-1 alone (61.4% versus 49.5%). The 5-year RFS rate was 61.0% with PD-1 alone, 73.9% with PD-1 + IO, 37.4% with BRAF/MEKis and 76.4% with ICI + TT; the 5-year OS rates were 83.3%, 87.5%, 69.8% and 83.9%, respectively. ICI-treated patients with MPR had 5-year OS rates of 98.8% with PD-1 alone and 97.9% with PD-1 + IO and gained no benefit from continuing ICIs into the adjuvant setting. Neoadjuvant ICIs were active in BRAF -mutant melanoma (MPR, 46.3%), acral melanoma (38.1%), in-transit metastases (66.7%) and oligometastases (41.2%), although subgroup sizes and relative effectiveness varied. Survival outcomes were excellent with neoadjuvant ICIs, particularly in patients achieving MPR, but poor with BRAF/MEKis and mixed with ICI + TT. Predictive biomarker-driven trials, effective adjuvant strategies and subgroup-specific research are needed for nonresponders.

INTRODUCTION: Fabry disease is X-linked recessively inherited multisystem diseasecaused by decreased activity of alpha-Galactosidase A (AGAL) enzyme. It is difficult to diagnose due to atypical forms, so the true incidence and prevalence of Fabry disease is not clear. Inherited diseases requiring renal replacement therapyis about 10%. In present studyour aim was to investigate the frequency of Fabry disease in patients receiving chronic hemodialysis (HD) treatment.