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Miriam Haidukowski
National Research Council, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Bari, Italy

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Journal article
Published: 24 August 2021 in Microbiological Research
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Sugarcane is an important crop in Southern Iran for agri-food, energy, and pharmaceutical industries. Among the pathogens that colonize sugarcane, mycotoxigenic Fusarium species are reason of serious concern for both their pathogenicity on plants and ability to produce harmful mycotoxins to humans and animals. We studied 104 Fusarium strains, selected within a wider Fusarium set isolated from sugarcane in Southern Iran, for molecular identification, phylogeny and mycotoxin analyses. Most of Fusarium strains belonged to Fusarium fujikuroi Species Complex (FFSC) and identified mainly as F. proliferatum, at minor extent as F. sacchari, and rarely as F. thapsinum, and F. verticillioides. Moreover, 14 strains identified as FFSC could not be assigned to any known species, although they were phylogenetically closely related to F. andiyazi, likely representing a new phylogenetic species. A subset of FFSC strains were analyzed for in vitro production of fumonisins (FBs), beauvericin (BEA), and enniatins (ENNs). Fusarium proliferatum strains produced FBs at high amount, and, at a lesser extent, BEA, and ENNs; F.sacchari produced only BEA and B ENNs at very low level; Fusarium sp. strains produced only B ENNs. The paper provides new insights on the genetic diversity of Fusarium species and their mycotoxin profile occurring on sugarcane in Iran.

ACS Style

Maryam Tavakol Noorabadi; Mario Masiello; Kourosh Taherkhani; Rasoul Zare; Mohsen Torbati; Miriam Haidukowski; Stefania Somma; Antonio Francesco Logrieco; Antonio Moretti; Antonia Susca. Phylogeny and mycotoxin profile of Fusarium species isolated from sugarcane in Southern Iran. Microbiological Research 2021, 252, 126855 .

AMA Style

Maryam Tavakol Noorabadi, Mario Masiello, Kourosh Taherkhani, Rasoul Zare, Mohsen Torbati, Miriam Haidukowski, Stefania Somma, Antonio Francesco Logrieco, Antonio Moretti, Antonia Susca. Phylogeny and mycotoxin profile of Fusarium species isolated from sugarcane in Southern Iran. Microbiological Research. 2021; 252 ():126855.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maryam Tavakol Noorabadi; Mario Masiello; Kourosh Taherkhani; Rasoul Zare; Mohsen Torbati; Miriam Haidukowski; Stefania Somma; Antonio Francesco Logrieco; Antonio Moretti; Antonia Susca. 2021. "Phylogeny and mycotoxin profile of Fusarium species isolated from sugarcane in Southern Iran." Microbiological Research 252, no. : 126855.

Journal article
Published: 31 July 2020 in International Journal of Food Microbiology
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Aspergillus flavus is a common and ubiquitous fungal species able to colonize several agricultural commodities, in both pre- and post-harvest conditions. This species represents a very harmful plant pathogen for its ability to synthesize aflatoxin B1, responsible for human primary hepatocellular carcinoma and classified as a group I (human carcinogenic) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Several approaches have been proposed to control A. flavus development and related aflatoxin production in field and storage conditions. The Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitor (SDHI) fungicide boscalid has been shown to control A. flavus growth and aflatoxin contamination both in vitro and in field experiments. However, this compound is classified as medium-high risk fungicide for triggering fungal resistance and, indeed, resistant strains can occur on crops treated with boscalid. In this paper, we selected laboratory A. flavus strains resistant to boscalid grown on agar medium containing 50 mg/L of boscalid. In order to investigate the molecular mechanism responsible for the resistant phenotype, specific primer pairs were designed to amplify the whole SdhB, SdhC and SdhD genes. By amino acid sequence analysis, two point mutations, Tyrosine replacing Histidine at codon 249 of SdhB (H249Y) and Arginine replacing Glycine at codon 91 of SdhC (G91R), were identified. The effect of SDHI boscalid and isopyrazam on mycelial growth and conidial germination was evaluated. Both resistant genotypes showed high resistance (MIC and EC50 > 1000 mg/L) to boscalid. A positive cross-resistance was found between boscalid and isopyrazam. Specific sub-lethal doses of both fungicides (0.5 mg/L of boscalid and 0.01 mg/L of isopyrazam) interfered with the mechanisms associated to pigmentation of colonies. In particular, fungal colonies appeared depigmented lacking the typical A. flavus green colour shown on un-amended fungicide medium. A strict correlation between lack of pigmentation and increasing aflatoxin production was also observed.

ACS Style

M. Masiello; S. Somma; M. Haidukowski; A.F. Logrieco; A. Moretti. Genetic polymorphisms associated to SDHI fungicides resistance in selected Aspergillus flavus strains and relation with aflatoxin production. International Journal of Food Microbiology 2020, 334, 108799 .

AMA Style

M. Masiello, S. Somma, M. Haidukowski, A.F. Logrieco, A. Moretti. Genetic polymorphisms associated to SDHI fungicides resistance in selected Aspergillus flavus strains and relation with aflatoxin production. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2020; 334 ():108799.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. Masiello; S. Somma; M. Haidukowski; A.F. Logrieco; A. Moretti. 2020. "Genetic polymorphisms associated to SDHI fungicides resistance in selected Aspergillus flavus strains and relation with aflatoxin production." International Journal of Food Microbiology 334, no. : 108799.

Article
Published: 17 June 2020 in Applied and Environmental Microbiology
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Fusarium subglutinans and F. temperatum are sister species and maize pathogens commonly isolated worldwide that can produce several mycotoxins and cause seedling disease, stalk rot, and ear rot. The ability of these species to produce beauvericin and fumonisin mycotoxins is not settled, as reports of toxin production are not concordant at the species level. Our results are consistent with previous reports that strains of F. subglutinans produce neither fumonisins nor beauvericin. The status of toxin production by F. temperatum needs further work. Our strains of F. temperatum did not produce fumonisins, while some strains produced beauvericin and others did not. These results enable more accurate risk assessments of potential mycotoxin contamination if strains of these species are present. The nature of the genetic inactivation of BEA1 is consistent with its relatively recent occurrence and the close phylogenetic relationship of the two sister species.

ACS Style

M. Veronica Fumero; Alessandra Villani; Antonia Susca; Miriam Haidukowski; Maria T. Cimmarusti; Christopher Toomajian; John F. Leslie; Sofia N. Chulze; Antonio Moretti. Fumonisin and Beauvericin Chemotypes and Genotypes of the Sister Species Fusarium subglutinans and Fusarium temperatum. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2020, 86, 1 .

AMA Style

M. Veronica Fumero, Alessandra Villani, Antonia Susca, Miriam Haidukowski, Maria T. Cimmarusti, Christopher Toomajian, John F. Leslie, Sofia N. Chulze, Antonio Moretti. Fumonisin and Beauvericin Chemotypes and Genotypes of the Sister Species Fusarium subglutinans and Fusarium temperatum. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2020; 86 (13):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. Veronica Fumero; Alessandra Villani; Antonia Susca; Miriam Haidukowski; Maria T. Cimmarusti; Christopher Toomajian; John F. Leslie; Sofia N. Chulze; Antonio Moretti. 2020. "Fumonisin and Beauvericin Chemotypes and Genotypes of the Sister Species Fusarium subglutinans and Fusarium temperatum." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 86, no. 13: 1.

Journal article
Published: 25 February 2020 in Chemosphere
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In some environments, a number of crops, notably maize and nuts can be contaminated by aflatoxin B1 and related compounds resulting from the growth of aflatoxin-producing Aspergilli. Fungal peroxidases have been shown to degrade a number of mycotoxins, including aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the in vitro enzymatic degradation AFB1 by a recombinant type B dye decolorizing peroxidase (Rh_DypB). Analysis of the reaction products by HPLC-MS analysis showed that under optimized conditions AFB1 was efficiently transformed by Rh_DypB, reaching a maximum of 96% conversion after 4 days of reaction at 25 °C. Based on high resolution mass spectrometry analysis, AFB1 was demonstrated to be quantitatively converted to AFQ1, a compound with a significantly lower toxicity. A number of low molecular mass compounds were also present in the final reaction mixture in small quantities. The results presented in this study are promising for a possible application of the enzyme Rh_DypB for aflatoxin reduction in feed.

ACS Style

Martina Loi; Justin B. Renaud; Elena Rosini; Loredano Pollegioni; Elisa Vignali; Miriam Haidukowski; Mark W. Sumarah; Antonio F. Logrieco; Giuseppina Mulè. Enzymatic transformation of aflatoxin B1 by Rh_DypB peroxidase and characterization of the reaction products. Chemosphere 2020, 250, 126296 .

AMA Style

Martina Loi, Justin B. Renaud, Elena Rosini, Loredano Pollegioni, Elisa Vignali, Miriam Haidukowski, Mark W. Sumarah, Antonio F. Logrieco, Giuseppina Mulè. Enzymatic transformation of aflatoxin B1 by Rh_DypB peroxidase and characterization of the reaction products. Chemosphere. 2020; 250 ():126296.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Martina Loi; Justin B. Renaud; Elena Rosini; Loredano Pollegioni; Elisa Vignali; Miriam Haidukowski; Mark W. Sumarah; Antonio F. Logrieco; Giuseppina Mulè. 2020. "Enzymatic transformation of aflatoxin B1 by Rh_DypB peroxidase and characterization of the reaction products." Chemosphere 250, no. : 126296.

Journal article
Published: 14 February 2020 in Toxins
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Knowledge of the genetic diversity detected among fungal species belonging to the genus Aspergillus is of key importance for explaining their important ecological role in the environment and agriculture. The current study aimed to identify Aspergillus species occurring in the rhizosphere of sugarcane in the South of Iran, and to investigate their mycotoxin profiles. One-hundred and twenty-five Aspergillus strains were isolated from the soil of eight major sugarcane-producing sites, and were molecularly identified using sequences of partial β-tubulin (benA) and partial calmodulin (CaM) genes. Our molecular and phylogenetic results showed that around 70% of strains belonged to the Aspergillus section Nigri, and around 25% of species belonged to the Aspergillus section Terrei. Species belonging to both sections are able to produce different mycotoxins. The production of mycotoxins was measured for each species, according to their known mycotoxin profile: patulin (PAT) and sterigmatocystin (STG) for Aspergillus terreus; ochratoxin A (OTA) and fumonisins for Aspergillus welwitschiae; and OTA alone for Aspergillus tubingensis. The data showed that the production of OTA was detected in only 4 out of 10 strains of A. welwitschiae, while none of the A. tubingensis strains analyzed produced the mycotoxin. Fumonisins were produced by 8 out of 10 strains of A. welwitschiae. Finally, none of the 23 strains of A. terreus produced STG, while 13 of them produced PAT. The occurrence of such mycotoxigenic plant pathogens among the fungal community occurring in soil of sugarcane fields may represent a significant source of inoculum for the possible colonization of sugarcane plants, since the early stages of plant growth, due to the mycotoxin production capability, could have worrisome implications in terms of both the safety and loss of products at harvest.

ACS Style

Maryam Tavakol Noorabadi; Valiollah Babaeizad; Rasoul Zare; Bita Asgari; Miriam Haidukowski; Filomena Epifani; Gaetano Stea; Antonio Moretti; Antonio Francesco Logrieco; Antonia Susca. Isolation, Molecular Identification, and Mycotoxin Production of Aspergillus Species Isolated from the Rhizosphere of Sugarcane in the South of Iran. Toxins 2020, 12, 122 .

AMA Style

Maryam Tavakol Noorabadi, Valiollah Babaeizad, Rasoul Zare, Bita Asgari, Miriam Haidukowski, Filomena Epifani, Gaetano Stea, Antonio Moretti, Antonio Francesco Logrieco, Antonia Susca. Isolation, Molecular Identification, and Mycotoxin Production of Aspergillus Species Isolated from the Rhizosphere of Sugarcane in the South of Iran. Toxins. 2020; 12 (2):122.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maryam Tavakol Noorabadi; Valiollah Babaeizad; Rasoul Zare; Bita Asgari; Miriam Haidukowski; Filomena Epifani; Gaetano Stea; Antonio Moretti; Antonio Francesco Logrieco; Antonia Susca. 2020. "Isolation, Molecular Identification, and Mycotoxin Production of Aspergillus Species Isolated from the Rhizosphere of Sugarcane in the South of Iran." Toxins 12, no. 2: 122.

Journal article
Published: 14 January 2020 in Toxins
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Ligninolytic enzymes from white-rot fungi, such as laccase (Lac) and Mn-peroxidase (MnP), are able to degrade aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), the most harmful among the known mycotoxins. The high cost of purification of these enzymes has limited their implementation into practical technologies. Every year, tons of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) are produced as a by-product of edible mushroom cultivation, such as Pleurotus spp., and disposed at a cost for farmers. SMS may still bea source of ligninolytic enzymes useful for AFB1 degradation. The in vitro AFB1-degradative activity of an SMS crude extract (SMSE) was investigated. Results show that: (1) in SMSE, high Lac activity (4 U g−1 dry matter) and low MnP activity (0.4 U g−1 dry matter) were present; (2) after 1 d of incubation at 25 °C, the SMSE was able to degrade more than 50% of AFB1, whereas after 3 and 7 d of incubation, the percentage of degradation reached the values of 75% and 90%, respectively; (3) with increasing pH values, the degradation percentage increased, reaching 90% after 3 d at pH 8. Based on these results, SMS proved to be a suitable source of AFB1 degrading enzymes and the use of SMSE to detoxify AFB1 contaminated commodities appears conceivable.

ACS Style

Maria Branà; Lucrezia Sergio; Miriam Haidukowski; Antonio Logrieco; Claudio Altomare. Degradation of Aflatoxin B1 by a Sustainable Enzymatic Extract from Spent Mushroom Substrate of Pleurotus eryngii. Toxins 2020, 12, 49 .

AMA Style

Maria Branà, Lucrezia Sergio, Miriam Haidukowski, Antonio Logrieco, Claudio Altomare. Degradation of Aflatoxin B1 by a Sustainable Enzymatic Extract from Spent Mushroom Substrate of Pleurotus eryngii. Toxins. 2020; 12 (1):49.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Branà; Lucrezia Sergio; Miriam Haidukowski; Antonio Logrieco; Claudio Altomare. 2020. "Degradation of Aflatoxin B1 by a Sustainable Enzymatic Extract from Spent Mushroom Substrate of Pleurotus eryngii." Toxins 12, no. 1: 49.

Journal article
Published: 24 May 2019 in Toxins
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Fusarium species are among the most important fungal pathogens of maize, where they cause severe reduction of yield and accumulation of a wide range of harmful mycotoxins in the kernels. In order to identify the Fusarium species and their mycotoxin profiles associated to maize ear rot and kernel contamination in Iran, a wide sampling was carried out from field in ten major maize-producing provinces in Iran, during 2015 and 2016. From 182 samples of maize kernels, 551 strains were isolated and identified as belonging to Fusarium genus. Among the 234 representative strains identified at species level by translation elongation factor (EF-1α) sequences, the main Fusarium species were F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum, together representing 90% of the Iranian Fusarium population, and, to a lesser extent, F. incarnatum equiseti species complex (FIESC), F. thapsinum and F. redolens. Fumonisin (FBs) production by F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum representative strains was analysed, showing that all strains produced FB1. None of F. verticillioides strains produced FB2 nor FB3, while both FB2 and FB3 were produced only by F. proliferatum. Total mean of FBs production by F. verticillioides was higher than F. proliferatum. The occurrence of different Fusarium species on Iranian maize is reason of great concern because of the toxigenic risk associated to these species. Moreover, the diversity of the species identified increases the toxigenic risk associated to Fusarium contaminated maize kernels, because of the high possibility that a multi-toxin contamination can occur with harmful consequences on human and animal health.

ACS Style

Maryam Fallahi; Hossein Saremi; Mohammad Javan-Nikkhah; Stefania Somma; Miriam Haidukowski; Antonio Francesco Logrieco; Antonio Moretti. Isolation, Molecular Identification and Mycotoxin Profile of Fusarium Species Isolated from Maize Kernels in Iran. Toxins 2019, 11, 297 .

AMA Style

Maryam Fallahi, Hossein Saremi, Mohammad Javan-Nikkhah, Stefania Somma, Miriam Haidukowski, Antonio Francesco Logrieco, Antonio Moretti. Isolation, Molecular Identification and Mycotoxin Profile of Fusarium Species Isolated from Maize Kernels in Iran. Toxins. 2019; 11 (5):297.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maryam Fallahi; Hossein Saremi; Mohammad Javan-Nikkhah; Stefania Somma; Miriam Haidukowski; Antonio Francesco Logrieco; Antonio Moretti. 2019. "Isolation, Molecular Identification and Mycotoxin Profile of Fusarium Species Isolated from Maize Kernels in Iran." Toxins 11, no. 5: 297.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2018 in Food Control
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Mycotoxin contamination of staple food commodities is a relevant health and economic issue worldwide. The development of green and effective reduction strategies to counteract the contamination by multiple mycotoxins has become an urgent need. The aim of this work was to evaluate the capability of a laccase (LC) from Pleurotus eryngii and a laccase-mediator systems (LMSs) to degrade aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), fumonisin B1 (FB1), ochratoxin A (OTA), deoxynivalenol (DON), Zearalenone (ZEN) and T-2 toxin inin vitro assays. In addition, the simultaneous mycotoxin degradation capability with selected LMSs was evaluated with combinations of AFB1 and ZEN, and FB1andT-2 toxin. Redox mediators were found to drastically increasethe degradation efficiencies of the enzyme. AFB1, FB1, OTA, ZEN and T-2 toxin degradation by the best performing LMS were 73%, 74%, 27%, 100% and 40%, respectively. No degradation was registered for DON. Notably, AFB1 and ZEN were simultaneously degraded by 86% and 100%, while FB1 and T-2 by 25% and 100%, respectively. LMS proved to be a promising approach to enhance degradation properties of LC enzymes and for the potential development of a multi-mycotoxin reducing method.

ACS Style

Martina Loi; Francesca Fanelli; Maria Teresa Cimmarusti; Valentina Mirabelli; Miriam Haidukowski; Antonio F. Logrieco; Rocco Caliandro; Giuseppina Mule. In vitro single and combined mycotoxins degradation by Ery4 laccase from Pleurotus eryngii and redox mediators. Food Control 2018, 90, 401 -406.

AMA Style

Martina Loi, Francesca Fanelli, Maria Teresa Cimmarusti, Valentina Mirabelli, Miriam Haidukowski, Antonio F. Logrieco, Rocco Caliandro, Giuseppina Mule. In vitro single and combined mycotoxins degradation by Ery4 laccase from Pleurotus eryngii and redox mediators. Food Control. 2018; 90 ():401-406.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Martina Loi; Francesca Fanelli; Maria Teresa Cimmarusti; Valentina Mirabelli; Miriam Haidukowski; Antonio F. Logrieco; Rocco Caliandro; Giuseppina Mule. 2018. "In vitro single and combined mycotoxins degradation by Ery4 laccase from Pleurotus eryngii and redox mediators." Food Control 90, no. : 401-406.

Journal article
Published: 25 January 2017 in Toxins
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Members of the fungal genus Fusarium can produce numerous secondary metabolites, including the nonribosomal mycotoxins beauvericin (BEA) and enniatins (ENNs). Both mycotoxins are synthesized by the multifunctional enzyme enniatin synthetase (ESYN1) that contains both peptide synthetase and S-adenosyl-l-methionine-dependent N-methyltransferase activities. Several Fusarium species can produce ENNs, BEA or both, but the mechanism(s) enabling these differential metabolic profiles is unknown. In this study, we analyzed the primary structure of ESYN1 by sequencing esyn1 transcripts from different Fusarium species. We measured ENNs and BEA production by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array and Acquity QDa mass detector (UPLC-PDA-QDa) analyses. We predicted protein structures, compared the predictions by multivariate analysis methods and found a striking correlation between BEA/ENN-producing profiles and ESYN1 three-dimensional structures. Structural differences in the β strand’s Asn789-Ala793 and His797-Asp802 portions of the amino acid adenylation domain can be used to distinguish BEA/ENN-producing Fusarium isolates from those that produce only ENN.

ACS Style

Vania C. Liuzzi; Valentina Mirabelli; Maria Teresa Cimmarusti; Miriam Haidukowski; John F. Leslie; Antonio F. Logrieco; Rocco Caliandro; Francesca Fanelli; Giuseppina Mulè. Enniatin and Beauvericin Biosynthesis in Fusarium Species: Production Profiles and Structural Determinant Prediction. Toxins 2017, 9, 45 .

AMA Style

Vania C. Liuzzi, Valentina Mirabelli, Maria Teresa Cimmarusti, Miriam Haidukowski, John F. Leslie, Antonio F. Logrieco, Rocco Caliandro, Francesca Fanelli, Giuseppina Mulè. Enniatin and Beauvericin Biosynthesis in Fusarium Species: Production Profiles and Structural Determinant Prediction. Toxins. 2017; 9 (2):45.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vania C. Liuzzi; Valentina Mirabelli; Maria Teresa Cimmarusti; Miriam Haidukowski; John F. Leslie; Antonio F. Logrieco; Rocco Caliandro; Francesca Fanelli; Giuseppina Mulè. 2017. "Enniatin and Beauvericin Biosynthesis in Fusarium Species: Production Profiles and Structural Determinant Prediction." Toxins 9, no. 2: 45.

Journal article
Published: 23 August 2016 in Toxins
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Laccases (LCs) are multicopper oxidases that find application as versatile biocatalysts for the green bioremediation of environmental pollutants and xenobiotics. In this study we elucidate the degrading activity of Lac2 pure enzyme form Pleurotus pulmonarius towards aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and M1 (AFM1). LC enzyme was purified using three chromatographic steps and identified as Lac2 through zymogram and LC-MS/MS. The degradation assays were performed in vitro at 25 °C for 72 h in buffer solution. AFB1 degradation by Lac2 direct oxidation was 23%. Toxin degradation was also investigated in the presence of three redox mediators, (2,2′-azino-bis-[3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid]) (ABTS) and two naturally-occurring phenols, acetosyringone (AS) and syringaldehyde (SA). The direct effect of the enzyme and the mediated action of Lac2 with redox mediators univocally proved the correlation between Lac2 activity and aflatoxins degradation. The degradation of AFB1 was enhanced by the addition of all mediators at 10 mM, with AS being the most effective (90% of degradation). AFM1 was completely degraded by Lac2 with all mediators at 10 mM. The novelty of this study relies on the identification of a pure enzyme as capable of degrading AFB1 and, for the first time, AFM1, and on the evidence that the mechanism of an effective degradation occurs via the mediation of natural phenolic compounds. These results opened new perspective for Lac2 application in the food and feed supply chains as a biotransforming agent of AFB1 and AFM1.

ACS Style

Martina Loi; Francesca Fanelli; Paolo Zucca; Vania C. Liuzzi; Laura Quintieri; Maria T. Cimmarusti; Linda Monaci; Miriam Haidukowski; Antonio F. Logrieco; Enrico Sanjust; Giuseppina Mulè. Aflatoxin B1 and M1 Degradation by Lac2 from Pleurotus pulmonarius and Redox Mediators. Toxins 2016, 8, 245 .

AMA Style

Martina Loi, Francesca Fanelli, Paolo Zucca, Vania C. Liuzzi, Laura Quintieri, Maria T. Cimmarusti, Linda Monaci, Miriam Haidukowski, Antonio F. Logrieco, Enrico Sanjust, Giuseppina Mulè. Aflatoxin B1 and M1 Degradation by Lac2 from Pleurotus pulmonarius and Redox Mediators. Toxins. 2016; 8 (9):245.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Martina Loi; Francesca Fanelli; Paolo Zucca; Vania C. Liuzzi; Laura Quintieri; Maria T. Cimmarusti; Linda Monaci; Miriam Haidukowski; Antonio F. Logrieco; Enrico Sanjust; Giuseppina Mulè. 2016. "Aflatoxin B1 and M1 Degradation by Lac2 from Pleurotus pulmonarius and Redox Mediators." Toxins 8, no. 9: 245.

Journal article
Published: 27 November 2015 in Toxins
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Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin with a main nephrotoxic activity contaminating several foodstuffs. In the present report, five soil samples collected from OTA-contaminated vineyards were screened to isolate microorganisms able to biodegrade OTA. When cultivated in OTA-supplemented medium, OTA was converted in OTα by 225 bacterial isolates. To reveal clonal relationships between isolates, molecular typing by using an automated rep-PCR system was carried out, thus showing the presence of 27 different strains (rep-PCR profiles). The 16S-rRNA gene sequence analysis of an isolate representative of each rep-PCR profiles indicated that they belonged to five bacterial genera, namely Pseudomonas, Leclercia, Pantoea, Enterobacter, and Acinetobacter. However, further evaluation of OTA-degrading activity by the 27 strains revealed that only Acinetobacter calcoaceticus strain 396.1 and Acinetobacter sp. strain neg1, consistently conserved the above property; their further characterization showed that they were able to convert 82% and 91% OTA into OTα in six days at 24 °C, respectively. The presence of OTα, as the unique OTA-degradation product was confirmed by LC-HRMS. This is the first report on OTA biodegradation by bacterial strains isolated from agricultural soils and carried out under aerobic conditions and moderate temperatures. These microorganisms might be used to detoxify OTA-contaminated feed and could be a new source of gene(s) for the development of a novel enzymatic detoxification system.

ACS Style

Palmira De Bellis; Mariana Tristezza; Miriam Haidukowski; Francesca Fanelli; Angelo Sisto; Giuseppina Mulè; Francesco Grieco. Biodegradation of Ochratoxin A by Bacterial Strains Isolated from Vineyard Soils. Toxins 2015, 7, 5079 -5093.

AMA Style

Palmira De Bellis, Mariana Tristezza, Miriam Haidukowski, Francesca Fanelli, Angelo Sisto, Giuseppina Mulè, Francesco Grieco. Biodegradation of Ochratoxin A by Bacterial Strains Isolated from Vineyard Soils. Toxins. 2015; 7 (12):5079-5093.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Palmira De Bellis; Mariana Tristezza; Miriam Haidukowski; Francesca Fanelli; Angelo Sisto; Giuseppina Mulè; Francesco Grieco. 2015. "Biodegradation of Ochratoxin A by Bacterial Strains Isolated from Vineyard Soils." Toxins 7, no. 12: 5079-5093.

Journal article
Published: 16 February 2015 in International Journal of Food Microbiology
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Fusarium proliferatum is a member of the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC) involved in the maize ear rot together with Fusarium verticillioides, which is a very closely related species. Recently, different studies have detected natural fumonisin contamination in wheat kernels and most of them have shown that the main species isolated was F. proliferatum. Fusarium strains obtained from freshly harvested durum wheat samples (2008 to 2011 harvest seasons) from Argentina were characterized through a phylogenetic analysis based on translation elongation factor-1 alpha (EF-1α) and calmodulin (CaM) genes, determination of mating type alleles, and evaluation of fumonisin production capability. The strains were identified as F. proliferatum (72%), F. verticillioides (24%) and other Fusarium species. The ratio of mating type alleles (MAT-1 and MAT-2) obtained for both main populations suggests possible occurrence of sexual reproduction in the wheat fields, although this seems more frequent in F. proliferatum. Phylogenetic analysis revealed greater nucleotide variability in F. proliferatum strains than in F. verticillioides, however this was not related to origin, host or harvest year. The fumonisin-producing ability was detected in 92% of the strains isolated from durum wheat grains. These results indicate that F. proliferatum and F. verticillioides, among the fumonisin producing species, frequently contaminate durum wheat grains in Argentina, presenting a high risk for human and animal health.

ACS Style

S.A. Palacios; Antonia Susca; Edith Miriam Haidukowski; G. Stea; E. Cendoya; María Laura Ramirez; S.N. Chulze; M.C. Farnochi; Antonio Moretti; A.M. Torres. Genetic variability and fumonisin production by Fusarium proliferatum isolated from durum wheat grains in Argentina. International Journal of Food Microbiology 2015, 201, 35 -41.

AMA Style

S.A. Palacios, Antonia Susca, Edith Miriam Haidukowski, G. Stea, E. Cendoya, María Laura Ramirez, S.N. Chulze, M.C. Farnochi, Antonio Moretti, A.M. Torres. Genetic variability and fumonisin production by Fusarium proliferatum isolated from durum wheat grains in Argentina. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2015; 201 ():35-41.

Chicago/Turabian Style

S.A. Palacios; Antonia Susca; Edith Miriam Haidukowski; G. Stea; E. Cendoya; María Laura Ramirez; S.N. Chulze; M.C. Farnochi; Antonio Moretti; A.M. Torres. 2015. "Genetic variability and fumonisin production by Fusarium proliferatum isolated from durum wheat grains in Argentina." International Journal of Food Microbiology 201, no. : 35-41.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2015 in World Mycotoxin Journal
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Hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAs), phenolic components of wine, are known to have antimicrobial properties. Aspergillus carbonarius is one of the most important ochratoxin A (OTA) producing fungi in wine. Strategies for the control and prevention of A. carbonarius contamination are important for the maintenance of wine safety. This study sought to determine the potential of HCAs, such as caffeic, p-coumaric and ferulic acids, as antifungal natural compounds for the control of A. carbonarius growth and OTA production. The HCAs were tested at the increasing concentrations of 0.30, 0.65 and 1.10 mg/ml in minimal medium (MM) and grape juice. Germination of conidia was not affected in neither of the two media in presence of HCAs. At all the concentrations tested, OTA biosynthesis in MM was reduced and the dose effect was more evident for p-coumaric and ferulic acids; in grape juice the reduction trend was confirmed, and ferulic acid showed the highest inhibitory effect. Moreover, the expression level of genes encoding a polyketide synthase (AcOTApks) and a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (AcOTAnrps) involved in OTA biosynthesis, was evaluated by real-time PCR in A. carbonarius grown in presence of 0.65 mg/ml of HCAs. From gene expression analysis only the AcOTApks gene showed a marked reduction of transcription level in presence of p-coumaric and ferulic acids. On the contrary, caffeic acid seemed to not influence the expression levels of the genes analysed in this study, suggesting a different mechanism of action on the regulation of OTA biosynthesis.

ACS Style

Massimo Ferrara; Antonia Gallo; R. Lo Scalzo; M. Haidukowski; Valentina Picchi; Giancarlo Perrone; Edith Miriam Haidukowski. Inhibition of ochratoxin A production in Aspergillus carbonarius by hydroxycinnamic acids from grapes. World Mycotoxin Journal 2015, 8, 283 -289.

AMA Style

Massimo Ferrara, Antonia Gallo, R. Lo Scalzo, M. Haidukowski, Valentina Picchi, Giancarlo Perrone, Edith Miriam Haidukowski. Inhibition of ochratoxin A production in Aspergillus carbonarius by hydroxycinnamic acids from grapes. World Mycotoxin Journal. 2015; 8 (3):283-289.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Massimo Ferrara; Antonia Gallo; R. Lo Scalzo; M. Haidukowski; Valentina Picchi; Giancarlo Perrone; Edith Miriam Haidukowski. 2015. "Inhibition of ochratoxin A production in Aspergillus carbonarius by hydroxycinnamic acids from grapes." World Mycotoxin Journal 8, no. 3: 283-289.

Journal article
Published: 26 December 2014 in Journal of Phytopathology
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Alessandro Infantino; Alberto Santori; Gabriella Aureli; Andreina Belocchi; Simona De Felice; Lorenza Tizzani; Veronica M. T. Lattanzio; Edith Miriam Haidukowski; Michelangelo Pascale. Occurrence of Fusarium langsethiae Strains Isolated from Durum Wheat in Italy. Journal of Phytopathology 2014, 163, 612 -619.

AMA Style

Alessandro Infantino, Alberto Santori, Gabriella Aureli, Andreina Belocchi, Simona De Felice, Lorenza Tizzani, Veronica M. T. Lattanzio, Edith Miriam Haidukowski, Michelangelo Pascale. Occurrence of Fusarium langsethiae Strains Isolated from Durum Wheat in Italy. Journal of Phytopathology. 2014; 163 (7-8):612-619.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alessandro Infantino; Alberto Santori; Gabriella Aureli; Andreina Belocchi; Simona De Felice; Lorenza Tizzani; Veronica M. T. Lattanzio; Edith Miriam Haidukowski; Michelangelo Pascale. 2014. "Occurrence of Fusarium langsethiae Strains Isolated from Durum Wheat in Italy." Journal of Phytopathology 163, no. 7-8: 612-619.

Journal article
Published: 02 October 2014 in Fungal Genetics and Biology
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The ability to produce fumonisin mycotoxins varies among members of the black aspergilli. Previously, analyses of selected genes in the fumonisin biosynthetic gene (fum) cluster in black aspergilli from California grapes indicated that fumonisin-nonproducing isolates of Aspergillus welwitschiae lack six fum genes, but nonproducing isolates of Aspergillus niger do not. In the current study, analyses of black aspergilli from grapes from the Mediterranean Basin indicate that the genomic context of the fum cluster is the same in isolates of A. niger and A. welwitschiae regardless of fumonisin-production ability and that full-length clusters occur in producing isolates of both species and nonproducing isolates of A. niger. In contrast, the cluster has undergone an eight-gene deletion in fumonisin-nonproducing isolates of A. welwitschiae. Phylogenetic analyses suggest each species consists of a mixed population of fumonisin-producing and nonproducing individuals, and that existence of both production phenotypes may provide a selective advantage to these species. Differences in gene content of fum cluster homologues and phylogenetic relationships of fum genes suggest that the mutation(s) responsible for the nonproduction phenotype differs, and therefore arose independently, in the two species. Partial fum cluster homologues were also identified in genome sequences of four other black Aspergillus species. Gene content of these partial clusters and phylogenetic relationships of fum sequences indicate that non-random partial deletion of the cluster has occurred multiple times among the species. This in turn suggests that an intact cluster and fumonisin production were once more widespread among black aspergilli.

ACS Style

Antonia Susca; Robert H. Proctor; Robert A.E. Butchko; Edith Miriam Haidukowski; Gaetano Stea; Antonio Francesco Logrieco; Antonio Moretti. Variation in the fumonisin biosynthetic gene cluster in fumonisin-producing and nonproducing black aspergilli. Fungal Genetics and Biology 2014, 73, 39 -52.

AMA Style

Antonia Susca, Robert H. Proctor, Robert A.E. Butchko, Edith Miriam Haidukowski, Gaetano Stea, Antonio Francesco Logrieco, Antonio Moretti. Variation in the fumonisin biosynthetic gene cluster in fumonisin-producing and nonproducing black aspergilli. Fungal Genetics and Biology. 2014; 73 ():39-52.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Antonia Susca; Robert H. Proctor; Robert A.E. Butchko; Edith Miriam Haidukowski; Gaetano Stea; Antonio Francesco Logrieco; Antonio Moretti. 2014. "Variation in the fumonisin biosynthetic gene cluster in fumonisin-producing and nonproducing black aspergilli." Fungal Genetics and Biology 73, no. : 39-52.

Journal article
Published: 16 August 2014 in European Journal of Plant Pathology
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Aflatoxin contamination of tree nuts is a growing concern for pistachio producing countries. Development of competitive exclusion strategies through application of atoxigenic Aspergillus flavus isolates is a highly effective route of natural aflatoxin mitigation. Aflatoxin assays conducted on a high number of native A. flavus isolates are a first step to identify potential biological control isolates. Many cultural methods for the rapid and visual identification of atoxigenic A. flavus isolates have been described. The current study identified atoxigenic A. flavus isolates from Iranian pistachio orchards using and contrasting cultural, analytical and molecular methods. Ammonium vapour (AV) and fluorescence detection (FD), two rapid aflatoxin assays, were directly compared using various media preparations to screen 524 A. flavus isolates obtained from Iranian pistachio orchards. Percentages of false negatives were high using FD assays for all media preparations ranging from 13 to 15 %. This in contrast to AV assays. Here incidences of false negatives ranged from 0 % (using coconut agar medium) to 7.2 % (using potato dextrose agar). Aflatoxin-producing ability of all isolates was further confirmed using thin layer- and high-performance liquid chromatography. Sixty three atoxigenic A. flavus isolates were identified as atoxigenic in all assays. For these isolates, five loci across the aflatoxin biosynthesis cluster pathway were compared to identify genetic defects explaining atoxigenicity. Genetic deletions in at least one of five loci in the aflatoxin biosynthesis pathway were found for 97 % of isolates. Frequencies of atoxigenic strains ranged from 7.1 to 37.5 % with the lowest incidence detected in the Kerman province. Proper identification of atoxigenic isolates is considered a first step in the development of biological control strategies. Ability of identified isolates to competitively exclude aflatoxin-producing fungi has to be further investigated.

ACS Style

Seyed Reza Fani; Mohammad Moradi; Claudia Probst; Hamid Reza Zamanizadeh; Mansoureh Mirabolfathy; Edith Miriam Haidukowski; Anthonio F. Logrieco. A critical evaluation of cultural methods for the identification of atoxigenic Aspergillus flavus isolates for aflatoxin mitigation in pistachio orchards of Iran. European Journal of Plant Pathology 2014, 140, 631 -642.

AMA Style

Seyed Reza Fani, Mohammad Moradi, Claudia Probst, Hamid Reza Zamanizadeh, Mansoureh Mirabolfathy, Edith Miriam Haidukowski, Anthonio F. Logrieco. A critical evaluation of cultural methods for the identification of atoxigenic Aspergillus flavus isolates for aflatoxin mitigation in pistachio orchards of Iran. European Journal of Plant Pathology. 2014; 140 (4):631-642.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Seyed Reza Fani; Mohammad Moradi; Claudia Probst; Hamid Reza Zamanizadeh; Mansoureh Mirabolfathy; Edith Miriam Haidukowski; Anthonio F. Logrieco. 2014. "A critical evaluation of cultural methods for the identification of atoxigenic Aspergillus flavus isolates for aflatoxin mitigation in pistachio orchards of Iran." European Journal of Plant Pathology 140, no. 4: 631-642.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2014 in Food Microbiology
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Aflatoxins are highly toxic carcinogens that contaminate crops worldwide. Previous studies conducted in Nigeria and Ghana found high concentrations of aflatoxins in pre- and post-harvest maize. However, little information is available on the population structure of Aspergillus Sect. Flavi in West Africa. We determined the incidence of Aspergillus Sect. Flavi and the level of aflatoxin contamination in 91 maize samples from farms and markets in Nigeria and Ghana. Aspergillus spp. were recovered from 61/91 maize samples and aflatoxins B1 and/or B2 occurred in 36/91 samples. Three samples from the farms also contained aflatoxin G1 and/or G2. Farm samples were more highly contaminated than were samples from the market, in terms of both the percentage of the samples contaminated and the level of mycotoxin contamination. One-hundred-and-thirty-five strains representative of the 1163 strains collected were identified by using a multilocus sequence analysis of portions of the genes encoding calmodulin, β-tubulin and actin, and evaluated for aflatoxin production. Of the 135 strains, there were 110 - Aspergillus flavus, 20 - Aspergillus tamarii, 2 - Aspergillus wentii, 2 - Aspergillus flavofurcatus, and 1 - Aspergillus parvisclerotigenus. Twenty-five of the A. flavus strains and the A. parvisclerotigenus strain were the only strains that produced aflatoxins. The higher contamination of the farm than the market samples suggests that the aflatoxin exposure of rural farmers is even higher than previously estimated based on reported contamination of market samples. The relative infrequency of the A. flavus SBG strains, producing small sclerotia and high levels of both aflatoxins (B and G), suggests that long-term chronic exposure to this mycotoxin are a much higher health risk in West Africa than is the acute toxicity due to very highly contaminated maize in east Africa.

ACS Style

Giancarlo Perrone; Miriam Haidukowski; Gaetano Stea; Filomena Epifani; Ranajit Bandyopadhyay; John F. Leslie; Antonio Logrieco. Population structure and Aflatoxin production by Aspergillus Sect. Flavi from maize in Nigeria and Ghana. Food Microbiology 2014, 41, 52 -59.

AMA Style

Giancarlo Perrone, Miriam Haidukowski, Gaetano Stea, Filomena Epifani, Ranajit Bandyopadhyay, John F. Leslie, Antonio Logrieco. Population structure and Aflatoxin production by Aspergillus Sect. Flavi from maize in Nigeria and Ghana. Food Microbiology. 2014; 41 ():52-59.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Giancarlo Perrone; Miriam Haidukowski; Gaetano Stea; Filomena Epifani; Ranajit Bandyopadhyay; John F. Leslie; Antonio Logrieco. 2014. "Population structure and Aflatoxin production by Aspergillus Sect. Flavi from maize in Nigeria and Ghana." Food Microbiology 41, no. : 52-59.

Journal article
Published: 06 July 2014 in International Journal of Food Microbiology
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Fumonisin contamination of maize is considered a serious problem in most maize-growing regions of the world, due to the widespread occurrence of these mycotoxins and their association with toxicosis in livestock and humans. Fumonisins are produced primarily by species of Fusarium that are common in maize grain, but also by some species of Aspergillus sect. Nigri, which can also occur on maize kernels as opportunistic pathogens. Understanding the origin of fumonisin contamination in maize is a key component in developing effective management strategies. Although some fungi in Aspergillus sect. Nigri are known to produce fumonisins, little is known about the species which are common in maize and whether they make a measurable contribution to fumonisin contamination of maize grain. In this work, we evaluated populations of Aspergillus sect. Nigri isolated from maize in USA and Italy, focusing on analysis of housekeeping genes, the fum8 gene and in vitro capability of producing fumonisins. DNA sequencing was used to identify Aspergillus strains belonging to sect. Nigri, in order to compare species composition between the two populations, which might influence specific mycotoxicological risks. Combined beta-tubulin/calmodulin sequences were used to genetically characterize 300 strains (199 from Italy and 101 from USA) which grouped into 4 clades: Aspergillus welwitschiae (syn. Aspergillus awamori, 14.7%), Aspergillus tubingensis (37.0%) and Aspergillus niger group 1 (6.7%) and group 2 (41.3%). Only one strain was identified as Aspergillus carbonarius. Species composition differed between the two populations; A. niger predominated among the USA isolates (69%), but comprised a smaller percentage (38%) of Italian isolates. Conversely, A. tubingensis and A. welwitschiae occurred at higher frequencies in the Italian population (42% and 20%, respectively) than in the USA population (27% and 5%). The evaluation of FB2 production on CY20S agar revealed 118 FB2 producing and 84 non-producing strains distributed among the clades: A. welwitschiae, A. niger group 1 and A. niger group 2, confirming the potential of Aspergillus sect. Nigri species to contribute to total fumonisin contamination of maize. A higher percentage of A. niger isolates (72.0%) produced FB2 compared to A. welwitschiae (36.6%). The percentage of FB2-producing A. niger strains was similar in the USA and Italian populations; however, the predominance of A. niger in the USA population suggests a higher potential for fumonisin production. Some strains with fum8 present in the genome did not produce FB2in vitro, confirming the ineffectiveness of fum8 presence as a predictor of FB2 production.

ACS Style

Antonia Susca; Antonio Moretti; Gaetano Stea; Alessandra Villani; Miriam Haidukowski; Antonio Logrieco; Gary Munkvold. Comparison of species composition and fumonisin production in Aspergillus section Nigri populations in maize kernels from USA and Italy. International Journal of Food Microbiology 2014, 188, 75 -82.

AMA Style

Antonia Susca, Antonio Moretti, Gaetano Stea, Alessandra Villani, Miriam Haidukowski, Antonio Logrieco, Gary Munkvold. Comparison of species composition and fumonisin production in Aspergillus section Nigri populations in maize kernels from USA and Italy. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2014; 188 ():75-82.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Antonia Susca; Antonio Moretti; Gaetano Stea; Alessandra Villani; Miriam Haidukowski; Antonio Logrieco; Gary Munkvold. 2014. "Comparison of species composition and fumonisin production in Aspergillus section Nigri populations in maize kernels from USA and Italy." International Journal of Food Microbiology 188, no. : 75-82.

Original articles
Published: 02 January 2014 in Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A
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Fumonisins (FBs), which are carcinogenic mycotoxins, are known to be typically produced by several phytopathogenic fungal species belonging to the genus Fusarium. F. proliferatum and F. verticillioides, two important pathogens of maize worldwide, are the most common species that produce FBs. The main FBs produced by these species are FB1, FB2 and FB3. Moreover, recently, fungal strains belonging to Aspergillus niger have been also reported to produce FBs (in particular, FB2 and FB4). In a survey on maize carried out in Central Italy, 17 maize kernel samples were collected at harvest and analysed for FB1, FB2 and FB3, as well as fungal contamination, with a particular attention to the species-producing FBs. All 17 samples were contaminated by F. verticillioides and/or F. proliferatum at a level ranging from 13% to 100% of kernels. However, 10 out of 17 samples were also contaminated by Aspergillus section Nigri with a range from 6% to 68% of kernels. There was a significant inverse logarithmic relationship between levels of Fusarium and Aspergillus contamination. All samples were contaminated by FBs; FB1 ranged from 0.09 to 30.2 μg g–1, whereas FB2 ranged from 0.04 to 13.2 μg g–1. The ratio of FB2/FB1 contamination in the maize samples was evaluated and the highest values occurred in samples contaminated with Aspergillus section Nigri. Thirty strains of Aspergillus section Nigri isolated from these samples were molecularly identified (based on sequences of two housekeeping genes) and analysed for their capability to produce FB2. Among the 30 strains isolated, 12 were identified as Aspergillus welwitschiae (syn. A. awamori) and 18 as A. tubingensis. FB2 was produced by five out of 12 strains of A. welwitschiae within a range of 0.20–5 μg g–1. This is the first report showing the capability of Aspergillus section Nigri from maize to produce FB2 and its possibility to contribute to FB accumulation in kernels.

ACS Style

A.F. Logrieco; Edith Miriam Haidukowski; Antonia Susca; Giuseppina Mule; G.P. Munkvold; Antonio Moretti. AspergillussectionNigrias contributor of fumonisin B2contamination in maize. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 2014, 31, 149 -155.

AMA Style

A.F. Logrieco, Edith Miriam Haidukowski, Antonia Susca, Giuseppina Mule, G.P. Munkvold, Antonio Moretti. AspergillussectionNigrias contributor of fumonisin B2contamination in maize. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A. 2014; 31 (1):149-155.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A.F. Logrieco; Edith Miriam Haidukowski; Antonia Susca; Giuseppina Mule; G.P. Munkvold; Antonio Moretti. 2014. "AspergillussectionNigrias contributor of fumonisin B2contamination in maize." Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 31, no. 1: 149-155.

Journal article
Published: 04 December 2013 in Journal of Mass Spectrometry
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Fusarium langsethiae, formally described as a new species over a decade ago, has been identified as the main producer of HT‐2 (HT2) and T‐2 (T2) toxins in Europe in small cereal grains. Mycotoxin contamination caused by this Fusarium species can represent a food safety hazard that deserves further attention. In the present work, the mycotoxin profile in wheat cultures of F. langsethiae is presented with particular reference to the production of major type‐A trichothecenes and their glucosyl derivatives. F. langsethiae isolates, representative of the major Italian wheat cultivation areas, were tested for the production of T2, HT2, diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) and neosolaniol (NEO), and relevant glucosyl derivatives. Liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) was used for the identification and chemical characterization of these metabolites. F. langsethiae isolates under investigation resulted to be potent producers of T2, HT2 and NEO. Furthermore, a well‐defined set of isolates, all originating from Central Italy, produced also DAS. All isolates were found to be able to produce HT2 glucosyl derivatives, whereas only traces of T2 glucoside were detected in one sample. Furthermore, two mono‐glucosyl derivatives of NEO and one mono‐glucoside derivative of DAS were identified and characterized. The screening for the presence/absence of glucosylated trichothecenes in analyzed fungal extracts revealed a general co‐occurrence of these derivatives with the parent toxin at levels that could be roughly estimated to account up to 37% of the relevant unconjugated toxin. This is the first report of the production of glucosylated trichothecenes by F. langsethiae cultured on small grains. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

ACS Style

Veronica M. T. Lattanzio; Biancamaria Ciasca; Edith Miriam Haidukowski; Alessandro Infantino; Angelo Visconti; Michelangelo Pascale. Mycotoxin profile ofFusarium langsethiaeisolated from wheat in Italy: production of type-A trichothecenes and relevant glucosyl derivatives. Journal of Mass Spectrometry 2013, 48, 1291 -1298.

AMA Style

Veronica M. T. Lattanzio, Biancamaria Ciasca, Edith Miriam Haidukowski, Alessandro Infantino, Angelo Visconti, Michelangelo Pascale. Mycotoxin profile ofFusarium langsethiaeisolated from wheat in Italy: production of type-A trichothecenes and relevant glucosyl derivatives. Journal of Mass Spectrometry. 2013; 48 (12):1291-1298.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Veronica M. T. Lattanzio; Biancamaria Ciasca; Edith Miriam Haidukowski; Alessandro Infantino; Angelo Visconti; Michelangelo Pascale. 2013. "Mycotoxin profile ofFusarium langsethiaeisolated from wheat in Italy: production of type-A trichothecenes and relevant glucosyl derivatives." Journal of Mass Spectrometry 48, no. 12: 1291-1298.