This article presents a four-element multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna design for next-generation millimeter-wave (mmWave) communication systems. The single antenna element of the MIMO systems consists of a T-shaped and plow-shaped patch radiator designed on an ultra-thin Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 substrate. The dimensions of the single antenna are 10 × 12 mm${}^2$. The MIMO system is designed by placing four elements in a polarization diversity configuration whose overall dimensions are 24 × 24 mm${}^2$. From the measured results, it is observed that the MIMO antenna provides 9.23 GHz impedance bandwidth ranging from 22.43 to 31.66 GHz. In addition, without the utilization of any decoupling network, a minimum isolation of 25 dB is achieved between adjacent MIMO elements. Furthermore, the proposed MIMO antenna system is fabricated, and it is noted that the simulated results are in good agreement with the measured results. Through the achieved results, it can be said that the proposed MIMO antenna system can be used in 5G mmWave radio frequency (RF) front-ends.

The incredible advancements in data transmission technology have opened up more potentials for data security than ever before. Numerous methods for data protection have been developed during the previous decades, including steganography and cryptography. The security and integrity of medical data have emerged as major barriers for healthcare service systems as the Internet of Things has evolved dramatically in the healthcare business. Communication between two devices securely is a difficult problem. Numerous cryptographic algorithms are already available, including data encryption standard (DES), Rivest–Shamir–Adleman (RSA), and advanced encryption standard (AES). In this paper, we present a hybrid security model for the protection of diagnostic text data contained in medical photographs. The proposed model is built by combining a proposed hybrid encryption system with either a 2D Discrete Wavelet Transform 1 Level (2D-DWT-1L) or a 2D Discrete Wavelet Transform 2 Level (2D-DWT-2L) steganography technique. The suggested model encrypts secret data and hides them using 2D-DWT-3L. As text covers, color and grayscale images are employed. The suggested system’s performance was tested using PSNR, SSIM, MSE, and Correlation. Associated to state-of-the-art approaches, the proposed model masked personal patient data with high capacity, imperceptibility and minimum deterioration in the received stego-image. We use MATLAB to build the proposed mechanism, and measures such as throughput and execution time are used to assess performance.

Sensor networks’ network connectivity must be restored as part of any solution. This strategy’s goal was to come up with a concept. Many approaches to restoring connections after a network outage can be implemented by relying on these factors: low mobility, minimal field coverage drop and a reduction in the overall number of messages sent. All of the following objectives can be met with this solution. Based on detailed simulations and a comparison with the PACR and SNR methods, it can be concluded that the proposed methodology is effective. The sensor nodes’ batteries slowly depleted over time due to power restrictions. Network nodes fail as a result; data transmission stops, and the network’s lifespan is shortened because of it. As a result, one of the most difficult challenges in wireless sensor networks is to minimize energy consumption while also maximizing the network’s lifespan. In this study, the network lifetime of a wireless sensor network is extended through the use of special jumping nodes. Instead of using wheels or other means of transportation, these nodes leap into the network, and they are used to recharge other nodes in the network that are dying upon request. Results show that the proposed technique works more efficiently with figures of 83.76%, 84.84% and 87.3% for SNR, PACR and the proposed technique, respectively, with 250 nodes. This significantly increases the network’s lifetime. The simulation results suggest that the proposed technique outperforms other strategies that have been used in the literature.

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