Soybean protein hydrolysates were prepared using two proteolytic enzymes (Alcalase and Protamex) and the degree of hydrolysis (DH) and their functional and antioxidant properties were evaluated. The highest DH value was 20%, with a yield of 19.77% and protein content of 51.64%. The total amino acid content was more than 41% for all protein hydrolysates. The protein hydrolysates from Protamex at pH 2.0 had excellent solubility, emulsifying activity, and foaming capacity, at 83.83%, 95.03 m²/g, and 93.84%, respectively. The water-holding capacity was 4.52 g/g for Alcalase, and the oil-holding capacity was 4.91 g/g for Protamex. The antioxidant activity (62.07%), as measured by the samples’ reaction with DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and the reducing power (0.27) were the strongest for Protamex. An ABTS activity rate of 70.21% was recorded for Alcalase. These findings indicated a strong potential for the utilization of soybean protein hydrolysates to improve the functional properties and antioxidant activity of soybeans as well as their nutritional values.

Grass turtle muscle was hydrolyzed with papain enzyme to produce protein hydrolysate (PH) and the degree of hydrolysis (DH) was determined. Under optimal conditions, the highest DH was 19.52% and the yield was recorded as 17.26%. Protein content of the hydrolysates was ranged from 73.35% to 76.63%. Total amino acids were more than 96.77% for each PH. The PH obtained at DH 19.52% achieved excellent solubility and emulsifying activity which were 95.56% and 108.76 m²/g, respectively at pH 6. Foam capacity amounted 100% in PH of DH 19.52% at pH 2, and water‐holding capacity was 4.38 g/g. The antioxidant activity showed the strongest hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (95.25%), ABTS (84.88%), DPPH (75.89%), iron chelating (63.25%), and cupper chelating (66.90%) at DH 11.96%, whereas reducing power (0.88) at DH 19.52%. Thus, the findings indicated that utilization of grass turtle muscle protein hydrolysate is a potential alternative protein resource to improve the nutritional and functional properties in food ingredients and product formulations.

Research background. Cardiovascular diseases and diabetes are the biggest causes of death globally. Bioactive peptides derived from many food proteins using enzymatic proteolysis and food processing have a positive impact on the prevention of these diseases. The bioactivity of Chinese pond turtle muscle proteins and their enzymatic hydrolysates has not received much attention, thus this study aims to investigate their antioxidant, antidiabetic and cytotoxic activities. Experimental approach. Chinese pond turtle muscles were hydrolysed using four proteolytic enzymes (Alcalase, Flavourzyme, trypsin and bromelain) and the degrees of hydrolysis were measured. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was conducted to explore the amino acid profiles and molecular mass distribution of the hydrolysates. The antioxidant activities were evaluated using various in vitro tests, including 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azino-bis(3-thylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, reducing capacity, chelating Fe2+ and lipid peroxide inhibition activity. Antidiabetic activity was evaluated using α-amylase inhibition and α-glucosidase inhibition assays. Besides, cytotoxic effect of hydrolysates on human colon cancer (HT-29) cells was assessed. Results and conclusions. The amino acid composition of the hydrolysates revealed higher mass fractions of glutamic, aspartic, lysine, hydroxyproline and hydrophobic amino acids. Significantly highest inhibition of lipid peroxidation was achieved when hydrolysateobtained with Alcalase was used. Protein hydrolysate produced with Flavourzyme had the highest radical scavenging activity measured by DPPH (68.32 %), ABTS (74.12 %) and FRAP (A700 nm=0.300) assays, α-glucosidase (61.80 %) inhibition and cytotoxic effect (82.26 %) on HT-29 cell line at 550 μg/mL. Hydrolysates obtained with trypsin and bromelain had significantly highest (p<0.05) hydroxyl radical scavenging (92.70 %) and Fe2+ metal chelating (63.29 %) activities, respectively. The highest α-amylase (76.89 %) inhibition was recorded when using hydrolysates obtained with bromelain and Flavourzyme. Novelty and scientific contribution. Enzymatic hydrolysates of Chinese pond turtle muscle protein had high antioxidant, cytotoxic and antidiabetic activities. The findings of this study indicated that the bioactive hydrolysates or peptides from Chinese pond turtle muscle protein can be potential ingredients in pharmaceuticals and functional food formulations.

Nutritional composition, functional and antioxidant properties of different parts from grass turtle were investigated. Muscle contained high protein, essential amino acids, and vitamin B6, which were 74.97%, 28363.84, and 14.47 mg/100 g, respectively. Unsaturated fatty acids, vitamin K were significantly higher in the liver which reached 7489.45 and 1591.67 mg/100 g, respectively. Hardshell high content of minerals and vitamin B3 (48998.06 and 17.52 mg/100 g), correspondingly. The molecular weight was obtained in the range of 0.27–87.38% (Mw˂1000 Da). Solubility, emulsifying activity, and emulsion stability index at different pH ranged from 3.89 to 45.89%, 47.53 to 90.22 m²/g, and 65.45 to 89.93%, respectively. Water and oil holding capacities were high in muscle (7.97 and 2.19 mL/g). The highest antioxidant activity was observed in the muscle (88.58% ABTS) and liver (66.71% DPPH and 0.49 FRAP). Muscle, liver, and hard shell properties will provide producers and consumers with useful new information about the nutritional value and health benefits.

A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out 50 rickshaw puller (n=50) in selected rural area (Hugra Union) in Tangail District. The major objective of this study was to assess the socioeconomic information, health status and nutritional knowledge of rickshaw pullers. The data analysis the 7% rickshaw pullers were teenager and the socioeconomic causes about 61% of unemployment, poverty, low income and small size of land holdings whereas among the social factors, large family size, illiteracy, early marriage, family disintegration and migration pushed to 25% of them to pull rickshaws. Moreover, unskillness, cash payment, debt and uncertainty in production of crops, desire of work/self respect derived 21% of the rickshaw pullers towards the pulling of the rickshaws. The highest income of rickshaw pullers were 72% earned between BDT 300-400 per a day, but only 6% get more than BDT 500 in a day. About 64% was access electricity of rickshaw pullers & 36% no access electricity. On the other hand about 82% were wrist watches, 46% mobile, 68% television, 14% cycle, 20% radio. The receiving load from 15% trade, 11% treatment, 13% marital purpose, land 3% purchase and 8%.others. About 90% faced lack of rickshaw stands, 20% rickshaw pullers faced the problem like unsatisfactory fare and rude behaviors of passengers with them. Anthropometric indices of weight-for-height (WHZ) and Body Mass Index (BMI) for age were used to estimate the rickshaw pullers nutritional status. It was found for WHZ in rural area that 22% rickshaw pullers were severely underweight & 6% severe overweight and there were no moderately obese and severely obese. About 28% rickshaw pullers were coughed and cold, 22% joint, 21% back and 20% chest pains. In addition, 10% asthma, 4% tuberculosis and only 2% blood pressure. On the other hand about 44% quack/village heath worker, 28% purchase medicine without doctor's advice, 9% MBBS, 4% NGOs health center, 9% do not take treatment and 5% others. The 50 rickshaw pullers were using about 84% tube well, 12% piped water & 4% other on the other hand 36% sanitary, 32% ring slab, 24% kacha and 8% others. Height and weight are the most commonly used measures, not only because they are rapid and inexpensive to obtain, but also because they are easy to use. The anthropometric data (weight and height), in this study were 22% underweight, 72% normal range & 6% high risk of overweight but no obese persons. In the additional data analysis of 50 rickshaw pullers were 4% educated, 80% not educated & 16% self educated. On the other hand about 94% smokers, 20% drinkers, 22% gamblers and 4% no bad habits of rickshaw pullers. About 28% rickshaw pullers were coughed and cold, 22% joint, 21% back and 20% chest pains. In addition, 10% asthma, 4% tuberculosis and only 2% blood pressure. On the other hand about 44% quack/ village heath worker, 28% purchase medicine without doctor's advice, 9% MBBS, 4% NGOs health center, 9% do not take treatment and 5% others. The 50 rickshaw pullers were using about 84% tube well, 12% piped water & 4% other. About 36% sanitary, 32% ring slab, 24% kacha and 8% others. The rickshaw pullers were suffered from different diseases where were 13% fever (influenza), 18% diarrhea, 10% gastric ulcer, 19% malnutrition, 14% ENT, 11% skin disease, 9% pneumonia & 6% others. For BMI for age (BAZ), the results from this survey. As most of the rickshaw pullers were socio economic condition and health status severely poor, it should be provided community education concerning about nutritional knowledge, environmental sanitation and personal hygienic practices and nutritional deficiency diseases, nutritional value of food and dietary practices would perhaps overturn the trends. The difference results between these studies might be due to average expenditure for food, habit frequency, marital status, nutritional status, socioeconomic status and geographical condition.