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Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono
Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

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Research article
Published: 06 June 2021 in Landscape Ecology
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In recent years, landscape sustainability, the maintenance and improvement of biodiversity, ecosystem services, and human well-being in landscapes, has become a core objective of conservation initiatives. Yet efforts to promote sustainability often conflict with other landscape objectives. Globally, integrated landscape approaches have emerged as desirable processes for reconciling these conflicts. Integrated landscape approaches seek to foster improvements in landscape-scale governance to meet sustainability objectives. As scientific and political support for these new landscape approaches continues to advance internationally, there is a need to learn from the processes, constraints, and opportunities. We seek to enrich understandings of landscape approaches and their contributions to governance and sustainability through conserving biodiversity and maintaining ecosystem services. Focusing on eight case studies at different stages of development in Indonesia, we explore how practitioners influence landscape sustainability through integrated approaches. We used questionnaires and literature to collect information on objectives, attributes and challenges of landscapes approaches. We find landscape approaches in Indonesia closely reflect guidance principles. Emerging lessons from landscapes include adapting strategies to local priorities for inclusive problem-framing and engaging in nested learning systems. Aligning landscape actions with policy for coherent governance across scales remains a key challenge. Creating and maintaining governance that supports landscape sustainability is a core principle of landscape approaches. Establishing institutional arrangements for landscape sustainability will require working across legislative and political boundaries for coordinated action. We highlight the need to document and measure impact, and the potential for future learning from landscape sustainability science.

ACS Style

Rebecca Anne Riggs; Ramadhani Achdiawan; Ani Adiwinata; Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono; Agustinus Kastanya; James Douglas Langston; Hari Priyadi; Manuel Ruiz-Pérez; Jeffrey Sayer; Albertus Tjiu. Governing the landscape: potential and challenges of integrated approaches to landscape sustainability in Indonesia. Landscape Ecology 2021, 36, 2409 -2426.

AMA Style

Rebecca Anne Riggs, Ramadhani Achdiawan, Ani Adiwinata, Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono, Agustinus Kastanya, James Douglas Langston, Hari Priyadi, Manuel Ruiz-Pérez, Jeffrey Sayer, Albertus Tjiu. Governing the landscape: potential and challenges of integrated approaches to landscape sustainability in Indonesia. Landscape Ecology. 2021; 36 (8):2409-2426.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rebecca Anne Riggs; Ramadhani Achdiawan; Ani Adiwinata; Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono; Agustinus Kastanya; James Douglas Langston; Hari Priyadi; Manuel Ruiz-Pérez; Jeffrey Sayer; Albertus Tjiu. 2021. "Governing the landscape: potential and challenges of integrated approaches to landscape sustainability in Indonesia." Landscape Ecology 36, no. 8: 2409-2426.

Journal article
Published: 11 January 2018 in Sustainability
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Integrated approaches to natural resource management are often undermined by fundamental governance weaknesses. We studied governance of a forest landscape in East Lombok, Indonesia. Forest Management Units (Kesatuan Pengelolaan Hutan or KPH) are an institutional mechanism used in Indonesia for coordinating the management of competing sectors in forest landscapes, balancing the interests of government, business, and civil society. Previous reviews of KPHs indicate they are not delivering their potential benefits due to an uncertain legal mandate and inadequate resources. We utilized participatory methods with a broad range of stakeholders in East Lombok to examine how KPHs might improve institutional arrangements to better meet forest landscape goals. We find that KPHs are primarily limited by insufficient integration with other actors in the landscape. Thus, strengthened engagement with other institutions, as well as civil society, is required. Although new governance arrangements that allow for institutional collaboration and community engagement are needed in the long term, there are steps that the East Lombok KPH can take now. Coordinating institutional commitments and engaging civil society to reconcile power asymmetries and build consensus can help promote sustainable outcomes. Our study concludes that improved multi-level, polycentric governance arrangements between government, NGOs, the private sector, and civil society are required to achieve sustainable landscapes in Lombok. The lessons from Lombok can inform forest landscape governance improvements throughout Indonesia and the tropics.

ACS Style

Rebecca Riggs; James Langston; Chris Margules; Agni Boedhihartono; Han Lim; Dwi Sari; Yazid Sururi; Jeffrey Sayer. Governance Challenges in an Eastern Indonesian Forest Landscape. Sustainability 2018, 10, 169 .

AMA Style

Rebecca Riggs, James Langston, Chris Margules, Agni Boedhihartono, Han Lim, Dwi Sari, Yazid Sururi, Jeffrey Sayer. Governance Challenges in an Eastern Indonesian Forest Landscape. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (1):169.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rebecca Riggs; James Langston; Chris Margules; Agni Boedhihartono; Han Lim; Dwi Sari; Yazid Sururi; Jeffrey Sayer. 2018. "Governance Challenges in an Eastern Indonesian Forest Landscape." Sustainability 10, no. 1: 169.

Journal article
Published: 14 March 2017 in Land
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Forest lands in Indonesia are classified as state lands and subject to management under agreements allocated by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. There has been a long-standing tension between the ministry and local communities who argue that they have traditionally managed large areas of forest and should be allowed to continue to do so. A series of recent legal and administrative decisions are now paving the way for the allocation of forests to local communities. There is a hypothesis that the communities will protect the forests against industrial conversion and that they will also conserve biodiversity. This hypothesis needs to be closely examined. Conservation of biodiversity and management for local benefits are two different and potentially conflicting objectives. This paper reviews examples of forests managed by local communities in Indonesia and concludes that there is very limited information available on the conservation of natural biodiversity in these forests. I conclude that more information is needed on the status of biodiversity in community managed forests. When forests are allocated for local management, special measures need to be in place to ensure that biodiversity values are monitored and maintained.

ACS Style

Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono. Can Community Forests Be Compatible With Biodiversity Conservation in Indonesia? Land 2017, 6, 21 .

AMA Style

Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono. Can Community Forests Be Compatible With Biodiversity Conservation in Indonesia? Land. 2017; 6 (1):21.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono. 2017. "Can Community Forests Be Compatible With Biodiversity Conservation in Indonesia?" Land 6, no. 1: 21.

Review
Published: 13 January 2017 in Land
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Recent decades have seen a rapid movement towards decentralising forest rights and tenure to local communities and indigenous groups in both developing and developed nations. Attribution of local and community rights to forests appears to be gathering increasing momentum in many tropical developing countries. Greater local control of forest resources is a response to the failure of government agencies to exercise adequate stewardship over forests and to ensure that the values of all stakeholders are adequately protected. We reviewed evidence of the impact of decentralised forest management on the biodiversity values of forests and conclude that special measures are needed to protect these values. There are trade-offs between shorter-term local needs for forest lands and products and longer-term global needs for biodiversity and other environmental values. We present evidence of local forest management leading to declining forest integrity with negative impacts on both local forest users and the global environment. We advocate greater attention to measures to ensure protection of biodiversity in locally-managed forests.

ACS Style

Jeffrey Sayer; Chris Margules; Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono. Will Biodiversity Be Conserved in Locally-Managed Forests? Land 2017, 6, 6 .

AMA Style

Jeffrey Sayer, Chris Margules, Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono. Will Biodiversity Be Conserved in Locally-Managed Forests? Land. 2017; 6 (1):6.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jeffrey Sayer; Chris Margules; Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono. 2017. "Will Biodiversity Be Conserved in Locally-Managed Forests?" Land 6, no. 1: 6.

Overview article
Published: 28 November 2016 in Sustainability Science
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Landscape approaches attempt to achieve balance amongst multiple goals over long time periods and to adapt to changing conditions. We review project reports and the literature on integrated landscape approaches, and found a lack of documented studies of their long-term effectiveness. The combination of multiple and potentially changing goals presents problems for the conventional measures of impact. We propose more critical use of theories of change and measures of process and progress to complement the conventional impact assessments. Theories of change make the links between project deliverables, outputs, outcomes, and impacts explicit, and allow a full exploration of the landscape context. Landscape approaches are long-term engagements, but short-term process metrics are needed to confirm that progress is being made in negotiation of goals, meaningful stakeholder engagement, existence of connections to policy processes, and effectiveness of governance. Long-term impact metrics are needed to assess progress on achieving landscapes that deliver multiple societal benefits, including conservation, production, and livelihood benefits. Generic criteria for process are proposed, but impact metrics will be highly situation specific and must be derived from an effective process and a credible theory of change.

ACS Style

Jeffrey A. Sayer; Chris Margules; Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono; Terry Sunderland; James Langston; James Reed; Rebecca Riggs; Louise E. Buck; Bruce M. Campbell; Koen Kusters; Chris Elliott; Peter A. Minang; Allan Dale; Herry Purnomo; James R. Stevenson; Petrus Gunarso; Agus Purnomo. Measuring the effectiveness of landscape approaches to conservation and development. Sustainability Science 2016, 12, 465 -476.

AMA Style

Jeffrey A. Sayer, Chris Margules, Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono, Terry Sunderland, James Langston, James Reed, Rebecca Riggs, Louise E. Buck, Bruce M. Campbell, Koen Kusters, Chris Elliott, Peter A. Minang, Allan Dale, Herry Purnomo, James R. Stevenson, Petrus Gunarso, Agus Purnomo. Measuring the effectiveness of landscape approaches to conservation and development. Sustainability Science. 2016; 12 (3):465-476.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jeffrey A. Sayer; Chris Margules; Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono; Terry Sunderland; James Langston; James Reed; Rebecca Riggs; Louise E. Buck; Bruce M. Campbell; Koen Kusters; Chris Elliott; Peter A. Minang; Allan Dale; Herry Purnomo; James R. Stevenson; Petrus Gunarso; Agus Purnomo. 2016. "Measuring the effectiveness of landscape approaches to conservation and development." Sustainability Science 12, no. 3: 465-476.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2016 in Land Use Policy
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Land tenure in Indonesia is regulated by a complex combination of traditional, formal and informal arrangements. Legal ambiguity over land and natural resources has resulted in tenure insecurity, impacting livelihoods and perpetuating conflict. We reviewed land and forest laws in Indonesia and their effect on livelihoods and conflict and studied the impact of land tenure uncertainty in Rempek village on the island of Lombok, Nusa Tenggara Barat. In Rempek, conflict over land tenure and forest boundaries has occurred since 1984. We built a timeline of events from discussions with various stakeholders and obtained legal documents to support our analysis. The major driver of conflict is the disagreement over the forest boundaries between the Ministry of Forestry and the National Land Agency. This disagreement has escalated and introduced uncertainty, which negatively affects livelihoods in the area. Conflict resolution in Rempek requires a multi-stakeholder approach and an agreement between the Ministry of Forestry and the National Land Agency over the forest boundary and an explicit classification of land status in the conflict area. Our case study is relevant to recurrent disputes over land tenure in contemporary Indonesia. Agrarian conflict and tenure insecurity have stimulated political and social justice movements throughout the country. Recent reforms of land and forest tenure in Indonesia are opening up new pathways for local forest tenure arrangements in situations such as Rempek. Integrated landscape approaches are emerging in Indonesia and have elements that may contribute to resolving land tenure uncertainty. As land tenure security underpins livelihoods for most Indonesians, land authorities must demonstrate stronger coordination and pay more attention to realities on the ground to achieve political and legal progress on land tenure arrangements.

ACS Style

Rebecca Anne Riggs; Jeffrey Sayer; Chris Margules; Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono; James Douglas Langston; Hari Sutanto. Forest tenure and conflict in Indonesia: Contested rights in Rempek Village, Lombok. Land Use Policy 2016, 57, 241 -249.

AMA Style

Rebecca Anne Riggs, Jeffrey Sayer, Chris Margules, Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono, James Douglas Langston, Hari Sutanto. Forest tenure and conflict in Indonesia: Contested rights in Rempek Village, Lombok. Land Use Policy. 2016; 57 ():241-249.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rebecca Anne Riggs; Jeffrey Sayer; Chris Margules; Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono; James Douglas Langston; Hari Sutanto. 2016. "Forest tenure and conflict in Indonesia: Contested rights in Rempek Village, Lombok." Land Use Policy 57, no. : 241-249.

Journal article
Published: 13 October 2016 in International Forestry Review
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A participatory landscape monitoring initiative was introduced in the Sangha Tri-National landscape at the frontier of Cameroon, the Republic of Congo and the Central African Republic in 2006. The initiative allowed a broad range of stakeholders, called the Sangha Group, to monitor changes in local peoples' livelihoods and the environment. The group held annual meetings to discuss changes in the landscape. The intention was that the work of the Group would enable adaptation of management interventions. Simple simulation modelling techniques and a set of indicators were used to track changes in the landscape. Indicators were identified by local people who were then invited to assess them annually. The large number and diversity of stakeholders occupying a vast area of forest and a shortage of skilled enumerators meant that indicator values were difficult to measure consistently. However the existence of the models and indicator framework did enrich the discussions amongst the stakeholders and helped them to understand the main drivers of change in the landscape. Interventions of aid agencies and conservation organisations had little impact on local peoples' livelihoods but external influences, notably the global financial crisis in 2008 and the civil strife in the CAR sector beginning in 2011 caused a serious deterioration in livelihoods and the environment in the landscape. Spanish En 2006 se introdujo una iniciativa de monitoreo participativo en el paisaje Tri-Nacional de la Sangha, frontera entre Camerún, la República del Congo y la República Centroafricana. La iniciativa permitió a un amplio rango de partes interesadas, llamado Grupo Sangha, evaluar los cambios ambientales y de medios de subsistencia de la población. El grupo mantuvo reuniones anuales para analizar los cambios a nivel de paisaje. La intención era que el trabajo del grupo permitiese la adaptación de las prácticas de manejo. Se emplearon técnicas simples de simulación y un conjunto de indicadores para seguir dichos cambios. En la identificación de indicadores participaron agentes locales que fueron posteriormente invitados a evaluarlos anualmente. La diversidad y elevado número de participantes distribuidos en un extenso espacio forestal y la escasez de encuestadores cualificados dificultaron la obtención de medidas uniformes de los indicadores. Sin embargo, el marco basado en indicadores y modelos permitió enriquecer la discusión entre las partes interesadas ayudándoles a entender los principales impulsores del cambio en el paisaje. Las intervenciones de las agencias de cooperación y organizaciones conservacionistas parecen haber tenido poco impacto en los medios de vida locales, pero las influencias externas, especialmente la crisis financiera global del 2008 y los conflictos en el sector de la República Centroafricana a partir de 2011 han causado un serio deterioro ambiental y en los medios de subsistencia a nivel de paisaje. French Une initiative du suivi participatif du paysage était introduite en 2006 dans le paysage du Tri National de la Sangha frontalier au Cameroun, à la République du Congo et à la République Centrafricaine. L'initiative a permis à un large éventail de parties prenantes, appelé le Groupe Sangha, de suivre les changements des moyens de subsistance des populations locales et l'environnement. Le groupe a tenu des réunions annuelles pour discuter des changements dans le paysage. L'intention était que les travaux du groupe de travail permettraient à l'adaptation des interventions de gestion. Des techniques simple de modélisation et un ensemble d'indicateurs ont été utilisées pour suivre les changements dans le paysage. Des indicateurs ont été identifiés par la population locale qui a été ensuite invitée à les évaluer annuellement. Le grand nombre et la diversité des intervenants qui occupent une vaste région de forêts et une pénurie de main-d'œuvre qualifiée d'enquêteurs signifiaient que les valeurs des indicateurs étaient difficiles à mesurer de façon uniforme. Toutefois l'existence de modèles et cadre indicateur ont permis d'enrichir les discussions entre les intervenants et les ont aidés à comprendre les principaux moteurs du changement dans le paysage. Les interventions des organisations d'aide au développement et les organisations de conservation ont eu peu d'impact sur les moyens de subsistance des populations locales, mais les influences extérieures, notamment la crise financière mondiale en 2008 et les conflits armés dans le segment de la RCA au début de 2011 ont provoqué une grave détérioration des moyens de subsistance et l'environnement dans le paysage.

ACS Style

J. Sayer; D. Endamana; Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono; M. Ruiz-Perez; T. Breuer. Learning from change in the Sangha Tri-National landscape. International Forestry Review 2016, 18, 130 -139.

AMA Style

J. Sayer, D. Endamana, Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono, M. Ruiz-Perez, T. Breuer. Learning from change in the Sangha Tri-National landscape. International Forestry Review. 2016; 18 (1):130-139.

Chicago/Turabian Style

J. Sayer; D. Endamana; Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono; M. Ruiz-Perez; T. Breuer. 2016. "Learning from change in the Sangha Tri-National landscape." International Forestry Review 18, no. 1: 130-139.

Journal article
Published: 26 May 2016 in Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography
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Participatory methods are a common approach for giving voice to local communities in hazard and disaster research. Drawing on a study that trialled and modified a range of participatory methods in North Sulawesi, eastern Indonesia, this paper reflects on how such methods help document the capacities of small island communities. We assessed capacity from a sustainable livelihoods perspective, identifying the assets that enable villagers to cope with hazards. This overall approach promoted a discourse of strengths and resourcefulness, contrasting with vulnerability and needs-assessment approaches common to government and non-governmental organizations, which tend to focus on weaknesses and can sometimes fuel undeliverable expectations of funding. We provide a critical reflection on participatory methods and their significance for researchers, policy makers and funding agencies working with communities in hazard-prone regions.

ACS Style

Mercy M.F. Rampengan; Lisa Law; J.C. Gaillard; Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono; Jeffrey Sayer. Engaging communities in managing multiple hazards: Reflections from small islands in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 2016, 37, 249 -267.

AMA Style

Mercy M.F. Rampengan, Lisa Law, J.C. Gaillard, Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono, Jeffrey Sayer. Engaging communities in managing multiple hazards: Reflections from small islands in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography. 2016; 37 (2):249-267.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mercy M.F. Rampengan; Lisa Law; J.C. Gaillard; Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono; Jeffrey Sayer. 2016. "Engaging communities in managing multiple hazards: Reflections from small islands in North Sulawesi, Indonesia." Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 37, no. 2: 249-267.

Journal article
Published: 09 December 2015 in Land
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Initiatives to manage landscapes for both biodiversity protection and sustainable development commonly employ participatory methods to exploit the knowledge of citizens. We review five examples of citizen groups engaging with landscape scale conservation initiatives to contribute their knowledge, collect data for monitoring programs, study systems to detect patterns, and test hypotheses on aspects of landscape dynamics. Three are from landscape interventions that deliberately target biodiversity conservation and aim to have sustainable development as a collateral outcome. The other two are driven primarily by concerns for agricultural sustainability with biodiversity conservation as a collateral outcome. All five include programs in which, management agencies support data collection by citizen groups to monitor landscape changes. Situations where citizen groups self-organise to collect data and interpret data to aid in landscape scale decision making are less common and are restricted to landscapes where the inhabitants have a high level of scientific literacy. Given the complexity of landscape processes and the multiple decision makers who influence landscape outcomes we argue that citizen science broadly defined should be an essential element of landscape scale initiatives. Conservation managers should create space for citizen engagement in science and should empower citizen groups to experiment, learn, and adapt their decision-making to improve landscape scale outcomes.

ACS Style

Jeffrey Sayer; Chris Margules; Iris Bohnet; Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono; Ray Pierce; Allan Dale; Kate Andrews. The Role of Citizen Science in Landscape and Seascape Approaches to Integrating Conservation and Development. Land 2015, 4, 1200 -1212.

AMA Style

Jeffrey Sayer, Chris Margules, Iris Bohnet, Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono, Ray Pierce, Allan Dale, Kate Andrews. The Role of Citizen Science in Landscape and Seascape Approaches to Integrating Conservation and Development. Land. 2015; 4 (4):1200-1212.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jeffrey Sayer; Chris Margules; Iris Bohnet; Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono; Ray Pierce; Allan Dale; Kate Andrews. 2015. "The Role of Citizen Science in Landscape and Seascape Approaches to Integrating Conservation and Development." Land 4, no. 4: 1200-1212.

Journal article
Published: 05 October 2015 in Geographical Research
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This paper draws on the literature on agroforestry, disaster risk reduction, and livelihoods of people on small islands as it applies to a community prospering in conditions of adversity in Kinali village on Siau Island, Indonesia. Siau Island produces between one-third and one-half of all nutmeg and mace exported from Indonesia. The Kinali community has adopted strategies that enable it to prosper in spite of the risks of living on a small island with an active volcano. The paper charts the sociocultural dynamics of the village and examines how local coping mechanisms based on an agroforestry economy have assisted villagers in dealing with the multiple hazards and constraints arising from the biophysical characteristics of their island. The paper thus contributes to more informed responses to managing volcanic risk.

ACS Style

Mercy Maggy Franky Rampengan; Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono; Chris Margules; Jeffrey Sayer; Lisa Law; Jean-Christophe Gaillard; Ong Thi Ngan Tien; Tran Thi My Linh. Agroforestry on an Active Volcanic Small Island in Indonesia: Prospering with Adversity. Geographical Research 2015, 54, 19 -34.

AMA Style

Mercy Maggy Franky Rampengan, Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono, Chris Margules, Jeffrey Sayer, Lisa Law, Jean-Christophe Gaillard, Ong Thi Ngan Tien, Tran Thi My Linh. Agroforestry on an Active Volcanic Small Island in Indonesia: Prospering with Adversity. Geographical Research. 2015; 54 (1):19-34.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mercy Maggy Franky Rampengan; Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono; Chris Margules; Jeffrey Sayer; Lisa Law; Jean-Christophe Gaillard; Ong Thi Ngan Tien; Tran Thi My Linh. 2015. "Agroforestry on an Active Volcanic Small Island in Indonesia: Prospering with Adversity." Geographical Research 54, no. 1: 19-34.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2015 in The Extractive Industries and Society
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We assess the opportunities and threats posed by small and large-scale mining in Eastern Indonesia. Here, both activities coexist in one landscape: in the Bitung and North Minahasa Districts of North Sulawesi. Each is associated with different development pathways. Both scales of mining have been controversial and are criticized for their environmental and socio-economic impacts. Small-scale mining contributes more to the local economy encouraging local entrepreneurship but yields a lower total financial return. Large-scale mining provides better job security and safer working conditions for employees, but any benefits of capital transformation do not accrue locally. Policy should focus on the formalization of small-scale mining and pay closer attention to the impact of large-scale mining on local communities. The governance of both scales of mining would benefit from a 'landscapes approach' to negotiating conservation and development trade-offs

ACS Style

James Langston; Muhammad Lubis; Jeffrey A. Sayer; Chris Margules; Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono; Paul H.G.M. Dirks. Comparative development benefits from small and large scale mines in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. The Extractive Industries and Society 2015, 2, 434 -444.

AMA Style

James Langston, Muhammad Lubis, Jeffrey A. Sayer, Chris Margules, Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono, Paul H.G.M. Dirks. Comparative development benefits from small and large scale mines in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. The Extractive Industries and Society. 2015; 2 (3):434-444.

Chicago/Turabian Style

James Langston; Muhammad Lubis; Jeffrey A. Sayer; Chris Margules; Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono; Paul H.G.M. Dirks. 2015. "Comparative development benefits from small and large scale mines in North Sulawesi, Indonesia." The Extractive Industries and Society 2, no. 3: 434-444.

Original articles
Published: 08 May 2015 in International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology
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We describe our attempts to use visualization techniques to engage the Baka and Aka in the North-West Congo Basin in a debate about their preferred future options. Baka and Aka Pygmies in the Sangha Tri-National landscape live in extreme poverty and score poorly on most development indicators. Their traditional livelihoods have suffered as their forests are taken over by outsiders for farming and logging. Conservation programmes deny them access to their traditional hunting and gathering forest territories. Over ten years we spent time with the Baka and Aka in their camps and joined them on trips into the forests. We used visualization techniques to enable them to portray their present perception of their landscapes and their preferred future scenarios. We compared their representations with those of non-Pygmy communities in the same area. Baka and Aka showed a richer and more nuanced appreciation of the forest landscape in their representations of the present but converged with the non-Pygmies in representations of their preferred future. Agriculture, health, education and employment opportunities emerged as significant elements portrayed in drawings of desired future scenarios. Visualization cannot provide a definitive diagnosis of the very diverse desires of Pygmy communities. Our study suggests that visualization techniques strengthened the ability of Pygmies to communicate their views to other actors in their landscape and to external decision makers. Decisions about programmes to help the Pygmies have often been made by well-intentioned outsiders and the Pygmies themselves had little input. We conclude that visualization empowered Pygmies in discussions and expanded their options for influencing decisions that would impact on their future.

ACS Style

Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono; Dominique Endamana; Manuel Ruiz-Perez; Jeffrey Sayer. Landscape scenarios visualized by Baka and Aka Pygmies in the Congo Basin. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology 2015, 22, 279 -291.

AMA Style

Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono, Dominique Endamana, Manuel Ruiz-Perez, Jeffrey Sayer. Landscape scenarios visualized by Baka and Aka Pygmies in the Congo Basin. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology. 2015; 22 (4):279-291.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono; Dominique Endamana; Manuel Ruiz-Perez; Jeffrey Sayer. 2015. "Landscape scenarios visualized by Baka and Aka Pygmies in the Congo Basin." International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology 22, no. 4: 279-291.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2015 in The Extractive Industries and Society
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A new model of small-scale mineral exploitation is being driven by Asian investors in East Cameroon and may be representative of trends elsewhere in Africa. The mines employ nationals of Asian countries and create small Asian communities in remote areas. There is evidence of widespread failure to comply with national mining regulations and few benefits are flowing either to the national government or to local communities. If existing government regulations were enforced, this form of mining could improve livelihoods and living conditions in remote areas. Without good governance it risks facilitating enclaves of uncontrolled resource exploitation

ACS Style

Lingfei Weng; Dominique Endamana; Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono; Patrice Levang; Chris R. Margules; Jeffrey A. Sayer. Asian investment at artisanal and small-scale mines in rural Cameroon. The Extractive Industries and Society 2015, 2, 64 -72.

AMA Style

Lingfei Weng, Dominique Endamana, Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono, Patrice Levang, Chris R. Margules, Jeffrey A. Sayer. Asian investment at artisanal and small-scale mines in rural Cameroon. The Extractive Industries and Society. 2015; 2 (1):64-72.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lingfei Weng; Dominique Endamana; Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono; Patrice Levang; Chris R. Margules; Jeffrey A. Sayer. 2015. "Asian investment at artisanal and small-scale mines in rural Cameroon." The Extractive Industries and Society 2, no. 1: 64-72.

Journal article
Published: 13 December 2014 in International Journal of Disaster Risk Science
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Isolated communities on small islands are often characterized as vulnerable and marginalized. We studied the recent history of Laingpatehi, a village on Ruang Island off the north coast of Sulawesi, Indonesia to show that the marginalization-vulnerability nexus can be offset by capacity and social cohesion to enable sustainable livelihoods. The island has been impacted by volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and competition for marine resources from mainland-based fishermen. The community has shown a remarkable ability to cope and prosper in the face of a series of external hazards. We used a sustainable livelihoods approach to identify the assets that enabled the villagers to cope. Strong social cohesion was central to the ability to organize the community and confront hazards. A diversified livelihood strategy drawing on the small island environment and its coastal and marine resources, income generating activities in a distant satellite village, and significant remittances from employment in other parts of Indonesia underpinned people’s capacities to face hazards. Government assistance played a supporting role. The case of Laingpatehi demonstrates how remoteness, rather than being a source of vulnerability, can provide access to existing resources and facilitate innovation. Disaster risk reduction strategies should focus more on reinforcing these existing capacities to deal with hazards and less on physical protection and postdisaster responses.

ACS Style

Mercy M. F. Rampengan; Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono; Lisa Law; J. C. Gaillard; Jeffrey Sayer. Capacities in Facing Natural Hazards: A Small Island Perspective. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2014, 5, 247 -264.

AMA Style

Mercy M. F. Rampengan, Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono, Lisa Law, J. C. Gaillard, Jeffrey Sayer. Capacities in Facing Natural Hazards: A Small Island Perspective. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science. 2014; 5 (4):247-264.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mercy M. F. Rampengan; Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono; Lisa Law; J. C. Gaillard; Jeffrey Sayer. 2014. "Capacities in Facing Natural Hazards: A Small Island Perspective." International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 5, no. 4: 247-264.

Journal article
Published: 14 November 2014 in Sustainability Science
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Landscape approaches are widely applied in attempts to reconcile tradeoffs amongst different actors with conflicting demands on land and water resources. Key principles for landscape approaches have been endorsed by inter-governmental processes dealing with climate change mitigation and adaptation and biodiversity conservation. We review experiences from seven landscapes located in the Congo Basin, Eastern Indonesia and Northern Australia. Landscape initiatives were applied in situations where large-scale extractive industries, local peoples’ livelihoods and global biodiversity objectives were in conflict. We found that common published principles for landscape approaches are not applied systematically in the areas studied. Practitioners draw upon landscape approach principles selectively and adapt them to deal with local conditions. We consider that landscape approaches do not provide silver bullet solutions to these situations nor do they provide an operational framework for large-scale land management. Landscape approaches do, however, provide an organising framework for disentangling the complexity of the landscape and facilitating the investigation of impacts of different courses of action. They enable alternative scenarios for what future landscapes might look like to be investigated and they create the space for multi-stakeholder negotiations. Outcomes from landscape scale approaches are determined by the power differentials amongst stakeholders and the existence, or otherwise, of functional institutions to take decisions and enforce agreements. Landscape approaches cannot overcome disparities in power or entrenched interests nor can they substitute for institutions with authority to establish and legitimise property and resource rights. They can, however, provide a mechanism around which civil society can be mobilised to achieve better land use outcomes. Landscape approaches are successful when they have strong leadership, sustained long-term and facilitated processes, good governance, adequate budgets and adequate metrics for assessing progress. Private sector engagement is necessary and all parties must have sufficient shared interest in outcomes to motivate their participation.

ACS Style

Jeffrey Sayer; Chris Margules; Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono; Allan Dale; Terry Sunderland; Jatna Supriatna; Ria Saryanthi. Landscape approaches; what are the pre-conditions for success? Sustainability Science 2014, 10, 345 -355.

AMA Style

Jeffrey Sayer, Chris Margules, Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono, Allan Dale, Terry Sunderland, Jatna Supriatna, Ria Saryanthi. Landscape approaches; what are the pre-conditions for success? Sustainability Science. 2014; 10 (2):345-355.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jeffrey Sayer; Chris Margules; Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono; Allan Dale; Terry Sunderland; Jatna Supriatna; Ria Saryanthi. 2014. "Landscape approaches; what are the pre-conditions for success?" Sustainability Science 10, no. 2: 345-355.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2013 in Global Food Security
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An extractive industries boom in Africa is driving unprecedented expansion of infrastructure into sparsely populated regions. Much of the investment is in high-volume minerals such as iron and coal that will require heavy infrastructure and large settled workforces. New roads and railways are being built to support these industries. Mineral infrastructure is reinforcing the dynamic of designated "growth corridors", which are increasingly determining settlement patterns and rural land use in Africa. These corridors are penetrating into areas where agriculture has been constrained by lack of access to markets. They could unleash a major expansion of arable crops in the Guinea and Miombo savannahs, tropical tree crops in Congo Basin rainforests and irrigated agriculture on the floodplains of several African river systems. Rapidly growing African cities are largely dependent on imported food but growth corridors linking them to hinterland areas could favour shifts to African-sourced foods. Governance weaknesses may allow outside investors to make land grabs along growth corridors and further marginalise poor smallholders. New pressures on environmentally sensitive areas may emerge. Policy changes are needed to avoid negative impacts of this major new development trend and to exploit the potential for poverty alleviation and food-security benefits

ACS Style

Lingfei Weng; Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono; Paul H.G.M. Dirks; John Dixon; Muhammad Lubis; Jeffrey A. Sayer. Mineral industries, growth corridors and agricultural development in Africa. Global Food Security 2013, 2, 195 -202.

AMA Style

Lingfei Weng, Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono, Paul H.G.M. Dirks, John Dixon, Muhammad Lubis, Jeffrey A. Sayer. Mineral industries, growth corridors and agricultural development in Africa. Global Food Security. 2013; 2 (3):195-202.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lingfei Weng; Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono; Paul H.G.M. Dirks; John Dixon; Muhammad Lubis; Jeffrey A. Sayer. 2013. "Mineral industries, growth corridors and agricultural development in Africa." Global Food Security 2, no. 3: 195-202.

Journal article
Published: 17 May 2013 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
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“Landscape approaches” seek to provide tools and concepts for allocating and managing land to achieve social, economic, and environmental objectives in areas where agriculture, mining, and other productive land uses compete with environmental and biodiversity goals. Here we synthesize the current consensus on landscape approaches. This is based on published literature and a consensus-building process to define good practice and is validated by a survey of practitioners. We find the landscape approach has been refined in response to increasing societal concerns about environment and development tradeoffs. Notably, there has been a shift from conservation-orientated perspectives toward increasing integration of poverty alleviation goals. We provide 10 summary principles to support implementation of a landscape approach as it is currently interpreted. These principles emphasize adaptive management, stakeholder involvement, and multiple objectives. Various constraints are recognized, with institutional and governance concerns identified as the most severe obstacles to implementation. We discuss how these principles differ from more traditional sectoral and project-based approaches. Although no panacea, we see few alternatives that are likely to address landscape challenges more effectively than an approach circumscribed by the principles outlined here.

ACS Style

Jeffrey Sayer; Terry Sunderland; Jaboury Ghazoul; Jean-Laurent Pfund; Douglas Sheil; Erik Meijaard; Michelle Venter; Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono; Michael Day; Claude Garcia; Cora van Oosten; Louise E. Buck. Ten principles for a landscape approach to reconciling agriculture, conservation, and other competing land uses. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2013, 110, 8349 -8356.

AMA Style

Jeffrey Sayer, Terry Sunderland, Jaboury Ghazoul, Jean-Laurent Pfund, Douglas Sheil, Erik Meijaard, Michelle Venter, Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono, Michael Day, Claude Garcia, Cora van Oosten, Louise E. Buck. Ten principles for a landscape approach to reconciling agriculture, conservation, and other competing land uses. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2013; 110 (21):8349-8356.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jeffrey Sayer; Terry Sunderland; Jaboury Ghazoul; Jean-Laurent Pfund; Douglas Sheil; Erik Meijaard; Michelle Venter; Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono; Michael Day; Claude Garcia; Cora van Oosten; Louise E. Buck. 2013. "Ten principles for a landscape approach to reconciling agriculture, conservation, and other competing land uses." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110, no. 21: 8349-8356.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2012 in Global Food Security
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Oil palm is a highly profitable crop adapted to the humid tropics and the area devoted to this crop is likely to expand significantly in the future. It has many environmentally favourable attributes over its full life cycle. When well managed it has a positive carbon balance and when grown in a landscape mosaic it can play a role in biodiversity conservation. It has driven rapid economic growth in several tropical developing countries and contributed to the alleviation of rural poverty. Abuses during periods of rapid estate expansion into areas of natural forest and onto the lands of poor rural communities have led to criticism by environmental and social activists. With good governance oil palm can make valuable contributions to development and the resulting prosperity may free people to invest in better environmental practices

ACS Style

Jeffrey Sayer; Jaboury Ghazoul; Paul Nelson; Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono. Oil palm expansion transforms tropical landscapes and livelihoods. Global Food Security 2012, 1, 114 -119.

AMA Style

Jeffrey Sayer, Jaboury Ghazoul, Paul Nelson, Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono. Oil palm expansion transforms tropical landscapes and livelihoods. Global Food Security. 2012; 1 (2):114-119.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jeffrey Sayer; Jaboury Ghazoul; Paul Nelson; Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono. 2012. "Oil palm expansion transforms tropical landscapes and livelihoods." Global Food Security 1, no. 2: 114-119.

Book chapter
Published: 23 October 2012 in Community-Based Forest Management (CBFM) in Bangladesh
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The need for greater civil society participation in landscape scale restoration programmes is discussed. An example is given of a multi-stakeholder process that succeeded in identifying broadly acceptable scenarios for a large scale afforestation programme in Uruguay. General principles for engaging stakeholders in these processes are described and examples are given of the use of visualization and modeling techniques to build consensus and make desired outcomes explicit. The value of negotiated indicator frameworks to track progress and enable adaptive management is discussed. The use of these techniques allows landscape restoration to be a process of societal learning and adaptation rather than following a technically driven blue-print. Restoration driven by social movements is likely to be more effective and to yield a broader range of benefit flows and to face less opposition than restoration that does not follow these principles. A general conceptual framework for stakeholder engagement in landscape scale restoration programmes is proposed.

ACS Style

Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono; Jeffrey Sayer. Forest Landscape Restoration: Restoring What and for Whom? Community-Based Forest Management (CBFM) in Bangladesh 2012, 309 -323.

AMA Style

Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono, Jeffrey Sayer. Forest Landscape Restoration: Restoring What and for Whom? Community-Based Forest Management (CBFM) in Bangladesh. 2012; ():309-323.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono; Jeffrey Sayer. 2012. "Forest Landscape Restoration: Restoring What and for Whom?" Community-Based Forest Management (CBFM) in Bangladesh , no. : 309-323.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2012 in International Forestry Review
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The forests of SE Cameroon lie within the Sangha tri-national landscape (TNS), a priority area for biodiversity conservation under the Congo Basin Forest Partnership. A monitoring program showed minimal changes in conservation and local livelihoods indicators from 2006 to 2008. Following the global financial crisis in late 2008 global demand for timber decreased and this led to suspension of logging activities and lay-offs of staff by logging companies; both biodiversity and livelihood indicators deteriorated. The unemployed workers lost their incomes, experienced declining living standards and reverted to poaching and slash and burn agriculture. Pygmies were no longer able to obtain employment in Bantu agricultural plots, sell forest products to logging company employees or sell bushmeat to passing logging trucks. These global economic forces had greater impact on livelihoods and the environment than local interventions by conservation organizations. Livelihood indicators improved in 2010 and 2011 when the economy picked-up but those for environmental values did not recover as rapidly. Spanish Los bosques del SE de Camerún se sitúan en el Paisaje Tri-nacional del Sangha (TNS), área prioritaria para la conservación de la biodiversidad dentro del Acuerdo de los Bosques de la Cuenca del Congo. Un programa de monitoreo mostró cambios mínimos en los indicadores de conservación y medios de vida locales entre 2006 y 2008. Tras la crisis financiera global a finales de 2008 la demanda de madera disminuyó, llegando a la paralización de actividades y el despido de trabajadores de las empresas madereras; los indicadores de biodiversidad y medios de vida se deterioraron. Los parados perdieron sus ingresos, disminuyendo su nivel de vida y retomando el furtivismo y la agricultura de tumba y quema. Los Pigmeos perdieron sus empleos en los cultivos de los Bantú, sus ventas de productos forestales a los empleados de las compañías madereras y de carne de monte a los conductores de los camiones. Estas fuerzas económicas globales han tenido más impacto en la economía y medio ambiente locales que las intervenciones de los grupos conservacionistas. Los indicadores de medios de vida mejoraron en 2010 y 2011 a medida que la economía se relanzaba, pero los indicadores ambientales no se han recuperado tan rápido. French Les forêts du Sud Est Cameroun se trouve dans le paysage du Tri-national de la Sangha (TNS), qui est une priorité dans le cadre du Partenariat pour les Forêts su Bassin du Congo. Un programme de suivi a montré les changements minimes des indicateurs de conservation et du développement de 2006 à 2008. Suite à la crise financière internationale de fin 2008, la demande globale du bois a diminué et ceci a provoqué l'arrêt des activités d'exploitation forestière. Les compagnies ont licencié leur personnel qui a donc perdu leur revenu régulier. La condition de vie des populations est détériorée et ils se sont reconvertis...

ACS Style

J.A. Sayer; D. Endamana; M. Ruiz-Perez; Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono; Z. Nzooh; A. Eyebe; A. Awono; L. Usongo. Global financial crisis impacts forest conservation in Cameroon. International Forestry Review 2012, 14, 90 -98.

AMA Style

J.A. Sayer, D. Endamana, M. Ruiz-Perez, Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono, Z. Nzooh, A. Eyebe, A. Awono, L. Usongo. Global financial crisis impacts forest conservation in Cameroon. International Forestry Review. 2012; 14 (1):90-98.

Chicago/Turabian Style

J.A. Sayer; D. Endamana; M. Ruiz-Perez; Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono; Z. Nzooh; A. Eyebe; A. Awono; L. Usongo. 2012. "Global financial crisis impacts forest conservation in Cameroon." International Forestry Review 14, no. 1: 90-98.