The increased interest in nanomedicine and its applicability for a wide range of biological functions demands the search for raw materials to create nanomaterials. Recent trends have focused on the use of green chemistry to synthesize metal and metal-oxide nanoparticles. Bioactive chemicals have been found in a variety of marine organisms, including invertebrates, marine mammals, fish, algae, plankton, fungi, and bacteria. These marine-derived active chemicals have been widely used for various biological properties. Marine-derived materials, either whole extracts or pure components, are employed in the synthesis of nanoparticles due to their ease of availability, low cost of production, biocompatibility, and low cytotoxicity toward eukaryotic cells. These marine-derived nanomaterials have been employed to treat infectious diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, and viruses as well as treat non-infectious diseases, such as tumors, cancer, inflammatory responses, and diabetes, and support wound healing. Furthermore, several polymeric materials derived from the marine, such as chitosan and alginate, are exploited as nanocarriers in drug delivery. Moreover, a variety of pure bioactive compounds have been loaded onto polymeric nanocarriers and employed to treat infectious and non-infectious diseases. The current review is focused on a thorough overview of nanoparticle synthesis and its biological applications made from their entire extracts or pure chemicals derived from marine sources.

The growing demand for nanomedicine and its potentially diverse biological function required the investigation of raw materials for fabricating the nanomaterial. Current developments have emphasized the implementation of green chemistry to develop metal-oxide and metal nanoparticles. Endophytic fungi have emerged as a potential reservoir of bioactive compounds exemplified by unique structures and influential antibacterial properties. Over the past decade, substantial progress has been achieved in uncovering and profiling these valuable antibacterial compounds. These endophytic fungi-derived bioactive chemicals have diverse applications in various biological properties. Nanoparticle synthesis from materials derived from endophytic fungi, be it whole extracts or pure components, owing to their accessibility, cost-effectiveness in fabrication, material-tissue compatibility, and modest cytotoxicity toward higher organism cells. Nanoparticles from endophytic fungi have been utilized to treat various diseases, including those caused by bacterial, viral, and fungal pathogens. The present review provides a comprehensive discussion of the mechanistic insight into the synthesis and application of endophytic fungi-bioinspired nanoparticles as potential therapeutic agents to control microbial infection. The underlying action mechanism involved in the antimicrobial action of the nanoparticles has also been discussed. The discussion highlights various attributes of nanoparticles that may significantly benefit future researchers as potential therapeutic agents to control microbial infection.

The growing demand and application of industrially important enzyme necessitate the need to explore new sources with diverse enzymes ranging in their specificity and activities. Enzymes are safe alternatives to chemical synthesis due to minimum side effect and ease of manufacturing. Solid state fermentation (SSF) is a cost-effective alternative to submerged fermentation with agro-residues or waste, often being used as substrate for growing diverse organisms for production of metabolites. Current study is one of the scarce report on exploring alpha amylase and cellulase production ability Aspergillus ochraceus (MTCC 1877) using wheat bran as substrate at relative humidity of 90% and at 30 ºC, for 7 days. Result showed the potential of Aspergillus ochraceus (MTCC 1877), as potential source of the two enzymes. Results revealed comparatively higher alpha amylase activity in the SSF extract of Aspergillus ochraceus (MTCC 1877) in comparison to Trichoderma longibrachiatum (ITCC 7839). On the contrary, comparatively higher cellulase activity was observed in the SSF extract of Trichoderma longibrachiatum (ITCC 7839). The results showed the potential of Aspergillus ochraceus (MTCC 1877) as a source of the two enzymes. Variation in enzymes activity may be attributed to the experimental culture conditions and may be further optimized to enhance the enzymes yield.

The growing interest in the key and less explored organic compounds from the diverse mycobiota has been the domain of scientific interest due to their varied properties and potential applications in diverse sectors. The heterogeneity of fungal isolates from different geo-climatic habitats obtrudes every organism as unique and a potential source, awaiting exploration for novel biomolecules. In the current study, we isolated and characterized Aspergillus flavus from the soil of pine tree vegetation. The isolated was further explored for its metabolites using Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The dried extract was analyzed to be rich consortia of the diverse organic metabolites, Indole-3-acetic acid, Tryptophan, flavonoids (TFC), and others, that may confer catalogs of therapeutic activities including antioxidants, antimicrobials, and anti-cancerous properties. Further Ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) analysis showed 0.41 mg/mL of Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 1.2 mg/mL of Tryptophan in the dried extract. The dried broth also showed antioxidant activity in the range of 70%-80% ascorbic acid equivalent, obtruding the isolate as a potential source of contribution to plant growth therapeutic and commercially important metabolites.

Endophytes are microorganisms that colonize plants, often via commensal or symbiotic associations, and regulate plant growth and metabolism. Such organisms are usually suitable alternatives to therapeuticallly relevant, bioactive, and commercially essential metabolites, particularly under optimized bioprocess conditions. The current study highlights the key research challenge of maximizing the production of Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA), a compound difficult to isolate from the plant due to low yield, by elucidating the genetic composition of an isolated endophyte and determining the biosynthetic pathway using the KEGG pathway. Moreover, deciphering the functional genomic and refining production optimization remain significant challenges. The whole-genome sequencing of the endophytic bacterium Bacillus cereus SKAM2 (Strain SKAM2) revealed a genome size of 5.6 Mb, a GC content of 36%, multiple tryptophan-dependent and tryptophan-independent pathways. Furthermore, the IAA biosynthetic pathways pave the way for process-optimization studies. The influence of various abiotic parameters and media supplements on IAA production in both intra- and extracellular media was compared, using a full-factorial design of experiments (DOE). The results showed the highest yield in the extracellular fraction, a 3.81-fold increase, exceeding the intracellular IAA yield. The results highlight the strong potential of strain SKAM2 as a microbial platform for sustainable IAA production.