Based on high-speed rail (HSR) network data from 2008 to 2020, this study explores the structural characteristics and evolution of China’s HSR network from the perspective of the overall network and urban node network centrality. We show that the overall connectivity of the HSR network has improved significantly, whereas the accessibility of the HSR network has improved slightly. Furthermore, both the density and accessibility of the HSR network in different regions gradually show a decreasing trend from the east coast zone to the southwest. We also find that from the perspective of urban node network centrality, cities with high degree centrality and high betweenness centrality are densely distributed along the northern coast, eastern coast, as well as middle reaches of both the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers. Finally, the node cities have shown a significant increase in both degree centrality and betweenness centrality; thus, both the hub role and radiation capacity have improved. Our study suggests that the government should closely monitor the development of HSR networks in the western region.

In the digital economy era, ICT plays a vital role in supporting the sustainable and high-quality development of latecomer economies. Using technology life cycle analysis and patent data from the United States Patent and Trademark Office (1960–2014), this study analyzed the catching-up characteristics of latecomer economies (with the US as the first mover), including take-off time, growth time, growth rate, and ceiling values in nine sub-fields of information and communication technology (ICT). We applied the logistic and bi-logistic model to reveal the sequence of technological development and growth speed of different economies in different ICT sub-fields. The results show that European economies (Great Britain, France, and Germany) and the US developed first, followed by Japan, Korea, and Taiwan, with China (Mainland) coming later; Asian economies (Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and China (Mainland)) displayed synchronous development strategies, while European economies displayed non-synchronous development strategies. Asian economies are catching up with the US, whereas European economies are standing still both in imitation and indigenous processes. Korea and Taiwan prioritized catching up with a few sub-fields in the indigenous process. Finally, we analyzed the technological convergence among economies in their catching-up processes and proposed policy implications for the sustainable development of ICT latecomers.

Introduction: As the pharmacokinetics (PK) of factor VIII (FVIII) is individualized in children with haemophilia A (HA), PK parameters may be indicators of patients' bleeding phenotype and instruction for their personalized replacement program.Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the possible relationship between PK/FVIII level and bleeding frequency in Chinese paediatric patients with severe (HA).Methods: A total of 24 patients were enrolled in Beijing Children's Hospital from February to October 2015, all of whom were given 50 IU/kg of FVIII concentrates after a 72‐hours washout period. Samples' activities (FVIII:C) were tested at 5 time points, using WinNonlin software for PK testing, and then the individual half‐life(t_1/2) and the time (h) of FVIII concentrations <1 IU/dL within a week during prophylaxis were calculated. Baseline and the annual bleeding rate (ABR), annual joint bleeding rate (AJBR) were recorded and analyzed.Results: The mean t_1/2 of FVIII was 10.20 ± 2.72 hours and the mean time of FVIII <1 IU/dL in 1 week was 44.7 hours (−38.56 to 102.33 hours). A significant relationship between t_1/2 of FVIII and ABR₀/AJBR₀ (baseline bleeding) was found (R² = 0.75 and 0.62, P < .001). Besides, baseline and the annual bleeding rate during prophylactic treatment of haemophilia had a positive correlation with the time (hours) of FVIII <1 IU/dL in 1 week (R² = 0.67 and 0.52, P < .001).Conclusion: t_1/2 was an important indicator to prevent bleeding in severe HA; the frequency of bleeding will be reduced with the increased of t_1/2 of FVIII. The data also demonstrates that increasing the time with a FVIII<1 IU/dL is associated with an increased rate of bleeding during prophylaxis.

This paper examines how technology blockade affects leader and follower firms’ research and development (R&D) incentives and their cooperation decisions under asymmetric knowledge spillovers, while also exploring the role of government subsidies in mitigating market failures and restoring cooperation incentives. Motivated by the increasing restrictions on knowledge diffusion in high-technology industries, we develop a two-stage game in which firms first choose R&D investment and then compete in quantities under both non-cooperative and cooperative regimes. Our analysis shows that the impact of technology blockade on firms’ R&D investment and profit distribution depends on R&D efficiency and the presence of asymmetric knowledge spillovers. Specifically, under non-cooperative behavior, the interaction between asymmetric spillovers and R&D efficiency generates nonlinear effects on both R&D efforts and profit allocation. Under cooperative regimes, although firms can internalize spillovers, technology blockade reduces coordination benefits and leads to asymmetric profits, resulting in the absence of a self-enforcing cooperation region. Furthermore, our results indicate that government subsidies can partially or fully restore cooperation incentives, thereby increasing R&D investment and enhancing social welfare in most cases. These findings highlight a substitution effect between policy intervention and external technological constraints, emphasizing the importance of targeted subsidies in mitigating the adverse effects of technology blockade on innovation and collaboration.