The distribution and variability of surface winds in the seas and straits in the Maritime Continent, or the Indonesian seas, are investigated using scatterometer wind measurements and reanalysis wind data. This study focuses on the detailed climatology of surface winds in the Indonesian seas and has significant implications for a better understanding of regional climate, meteorological disasters, and offshore wind resource. The monsoon winds predominantly blow over the seas along the routes formed by the coastlines of the large islands and the chains of the small islands. The wind speeds are persistently strong along these routes, and the major direction of the variability in winds is well aligned with these routes. The wind jets are formed in the central part of the routes. The interisland gaps and channels form wind jets of various scales. The Australian winter monsoon is stronger and more persistent than the East Asian winter monsoon in the Indonesian seas. The onset of each monsoon differs by approximately 40 days between the east and west of the Indonesian seas. The amplitudes and spatial extents of diurnally varying winds dominate along the northern coasts of Java Island and the small islands to the east, along the northwest and northeast coasts of Borneo, along the coast of southern Sulawesi Island, and to the southwest of Papua, and vanish along the centre lines of the monsoon routes. Sea areas with a large amplitude of diurnally varying wind are much the same throughout the year. The amplitude of diurnally varying wind has an annual maximum in September in the southern Indonesian seas, possibly in correspondence with the annual maximum of the temperature difference between land and sea.

Windstorms affecting Europe are among the natural hazards with the largest socio-economic impacts. Therefore, many sectors like society, the economy, or the insurance industry are highly interested in reliable information on associated impacts and losses. In this study, we compare – for the first time – estimated windstorm losses using a simplified meteorological loss index (LI) with losses obtained from a complex insurance loss (catastrophe) model, namely the European Windstorm Model of Aon Impact Forecasting. To test the sensitivity of LI to different meteorological input data, we furthermore contrast LI based on the reanalysis dataset ERA5 and its predecessor ERA-Interim. We focus on similarities and differences between the datasets in terms of loss values and storm rank for specific historical storm events in the common reanalysis period across 11 European countries. Our results reveal higher LI values for ERA5 than for ERA-Interim for all of Europe (by roughly a factor of 10), coming mostly from the higher spatial resolution in ERA5. The storm ranking is comparable for western and central European countries for both reanalyses, confirmed by high correlation values between 0.6 and 0.89. Compared to the Aon Impact Forecasting model, LI ERA5 shows comparable storm ranks, with correlation values ranging between 0.45 and 0.8. In terms of normalized loss, LI exhibits overall lower values and smaller regional differences. Compared to the market perspective represented by the insurance loss model, LI seems to have particular difficulty in distinguishing between high-impact events at the tail of the wind gust distribution and moderate-impact events. Thus, the loss distribution in LI is likely not steep enough, and the tail is probably underestimated. Nevertheless, it is an effective index that is suitable for estimating the impacts of storm events and ranking storm events, precisely because of its simplicity.

The Blue Energy is the one of renewable energy. Indonesia as a maritime country has many potention to implement this Blue energy, but it still an advance technology to convert this energy into the electricity. The concept of OTEC with Land Based System is to boost the cost effectiveness of ocean technology. OTEC Land based system which is integrated with the cooling system, water desalination systems, aquaculture, and agriculture. Geographically Halmahera district is located in the Eastern Province of North Maluku. Halmahera is the one of remote island in Indonesia that still lack of electricity. By processing the Argo Float data in 2013-2015 using ODV (Ocean Data View) software, shows the difference of ocean temperature in Halmahera sea surface the range is 29°C. In depth of 1000 m, the sea temperature ranging from 2°C. The Electrical potential of OTEC a long 55 km Halmahera beach are around 93,1% as potential source of OTEC technology. The electricity OTEC prediction is 5,12 MW. Capacity factor of OTEC is 0.857, means that Halmahera have electrical potential for applying OTEC for each year is 35,88 GWh/year.

Pulau Baai is a beach which is located in Bengkulu, Indonesia. This location has swell waves which is beneficial for wave energy, because it directly faces the Indian Ocean. Floating Oscillating Water Column (OWC) is a prototype used to generate electricity from wave energy. The objective of this research is to identify how much electricity can be generated from floating OWC. This research used a quantitative method by processing wind data (speed and direction) from ogimet.com in 2000-2016. The wind speed rate for wave energy potential of this location is above 5.14 m/s. Wind data is converted to significant wave height and periods data by Sverdrup, Munk, and Bretschneider (SMB) method. Significant wave height rate of this location is 0.06 – 5.33 meters. Assuming that this power plant uses 3 chambers of floating OWC, the power output of OWC is 1.9 GW/year. Thus, suppose each residents' house uses 1300 watt, this power plant can be used for 1,461,538 residents per year.

Windstorms are one of the most important natural hazards affecting Europe. This article investigates the potential impacts of climate change on windstorm losses in Europe employing the Loss Index (LI) method. A large EURO-CORDEX multi-model ensemble at 12 km resolution with 20 different general circulation model to regional climate model (GCM-RCM) chains following the historical plus RCP8.5 scenario is considered. A comparison between the simulated historical 10 m wind gusts and ERA5 reanalysis reveals substantial model biases. An Empirical Quantile Mapping method is employed to bias-correct the daily wind gust speeds, leading to the effective reduction of these biases. Considering different global warming levels (GWLs), our results show an increase in windstorm intensity for Western, Central and Eastern Europe in a warming world, and a general decrease in windstorm frequency for large parts of Europe. While the ensemble mean changes are mostly moderate for +2°C world, signals are more pronounced for +3°C. The projected changes in windstorm losses are small and mostly non-robust, with negative trends for Central Europe and positive trends for Eastern Europe. For the most extreme loss events, the EURO-CORDEX ensemble projects shorter return periods for Eastern Europe independent of the GWL, while no clear trends for Core Europe emerge. Our results show a large spread between the individual ensemble members, without a clear dominance of a single GCM or RCM. In summary, the projected changes in windstorm losses are subtle, but important particularly for Central and Eastern Europe, which should be considered in the mid- and long-term planning of the insurance industry.