The development of tourism is associated with numerous risks that have a direct and indirect impact on the realization of tourist and recreational potential. In recent years, in addition to internal risks, the importance of external environmental risks (geopolitical and epidemiological) has increased. The COVID-19 pandemic is one of the foremost of these risks, and its effects on the development of regional tourism demands attention. The purpose of the study is to estimate the level of tourist and recreational potential of cross-border regions of the Russian Federation and Kazakhstan, and the possible risks during the COVID-19 pandemic. After the breakup of the USSR, one of the longest land borders in the world was established between Russia and Kazakhstan. The geographical scope of the study includes 12 constituent entities of the Russian Federation and 7 regions of Kazakhstan. Information posted on statistical portals, data from geographical atlases, and specialized websites of the executive authorities were used as the materials for the study. The tourist and recreational potential of the regions of the Russian Federation and Kazakhstan was estimated by the scorecard method, with the assignment of weight coefficients to indicators included in four main clusters: Natural Factors, Cultural and Historical Factors, Social and Economic Factors, and Infrastructure Support of Tourism. Additionally, the experience of studying risks associated with tourism development during the pandemic was summarized. The conclusions reached are indicative of different levels of tourism and recreational potential in cross-border regions of the Russian Federation and Kazakhstan, and the inconsistency of the industry’s structure. It was found that the COVID-19 pandemic had increased the number of risks for the realization of tourism and recreational potential, which must be taken into account when making management decisions. The authorities of cross-border regions can use the results of the research to adjust tourism policy under the current restrictions and increased global risks. The application of mechanisms and methods of territorial planning and management will depend on the level of tourism and recreational potential. For regions with high and above-average potential, the emphasis should be on participation in federal projects, the development of cluster initiatives, and the application of a diversification strategy. Regions with medium and low potential should focus on the domestic tourist flow, develop inter-regional cooperation, and focus on the strategy of gaining a competitive advantage.

One of the main reasons for young people to change their place of residence is the desire to get higher education. In the Arctic zone, where there is a lack of or insufficient level of development of the network of higher education organizations, young people are forced to leave for other regions. The relevance of the study is also conditioned by the fact that educational migration is often irrevocable, which strengthens negative migration processes. The study of educational migration with the help of traditional statistical sources is possible at the regional level, but does not reveal the spatial characteristics of migra-tion processes at the level of municipalities. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to approbate the methodology of studying migration from municipalities on the example of regions where there are no independent higher education institutions. The object of the study is the Arctic regions: Nenets, Chukotka, Yamalo-Nemets Autonomous okrugs. The scientific novelty of the study is determined by the use of new data sources and the application of the method of big data analysis to study migration processes at the municipal level. The database for the study was formed on the basis of the results of uploading data from the digital footprint of users of the social network “VKontakte”. The study regions included 15,186 users, the vast majority of whom indicated receiving higher education in other constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Based on the obtained data, the trajectories of educational migration at the municipal level were identified, the coefficients of concentration and uniformity of migration flow were calculated, and a typology of municipalities in the Arctic regions of Russia was carried out. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of using the results obtained to adjust migration policy in the Arctic regions, including at the municipal level.

The article presents the results of a study into the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourist and recreational space of Russia. Restrictions imposed in order to reduce the incidence of the disease have affected all areas of human activity around the world. The aim of the study was to identify regional peculiarities of COVID-19 impact on the components of Russia’s tourist and recreational space. The tourist-recreational space is studied in the process of its territorialization, which allowed us to perceive it in the form of territorial tourist-recreational systems. Considering that many of the processes caused by COVID-19 occur within the boundaries of specific regions, the subject of the study were regional tourist-recreational systems. A component-by-component assessment of COVID-19 impact was applied at the level of potential consumers (tourists), the tourist and recreational complex, and the level of the regional organization and management system. To assess changes in the structure and geography of tourist demand, we applied search query analysis. The impact of COVID-19 on enterprises of the tourist and recreational complex of Russian regions was assessed with the use of statistical analysis methods as applied to the indicators characterizing tourist flow, operation of collective accommodation facilities and tourist firms and provision of tourist services for the population. Using content analysis of news web-portals and having studied the websites of executive authorities, we have analyzed the organization and management component of the regional tourist and recreational system. The results obtained indicate changes in the structure and geography of tourist demand and in the criteria for selecting a destination. We have identified the regions where the tourist and recreational complex was practically unaffected by the adopted restrictions and the most affected regions. As a result of the study, a model of COVID-19 impact on the components of the tourist and recreational system has been developed. The study can be used by executive authorities to make alterations to the documents concerning territorial planning and management and to improve the effectiveness of the support measures implemented in the post-pandemic period.

ТИПОЛОГИЯ ТУРИСТСКО-РЕКРЕАЦИОННОГО ПРОСТРАНСТВА

Цель - раскрыть суть трансформации ключевых категорий географической науки «территория» и «пространство» в контексте современных процессов социально-экономического развития общества; рассмотреть географическую материю как философский фундамент для теоретико-методологических исследований пространственного развития; показать роль социальноэкономического районирования в качестве методологического инструментария территориальных исследований. В статье раскрываются особенности развития туристско-рекреационной деятельности как «скрепа» территории и пространства в условиях инновационного развития, цифровизации современного общества и его сфер жизнедеятельности. Материалы и методы. Информационной базой служат труды отечественных географов-обществоведов, материалы исследований по социально-экономическому микрорайонированию Воронежской области, статистическая информация территориального органа Федеральной службы государственной статистики. Результаты и обсуждение. Показано, что пространственно-временное развитие общества ставит новые вопросы перед социально-экономической географией, требует от исследователей ревизии и переосмысления сложившихся традиционных научных категорий. Философской основой теоретических изысканий по вопросам трансформации дефиниций «территория» и «пространство» является научная категория «географическая материя», которая представляется как обязательная и необходимая предпосылка жизнедеятельности человека во всех ее формах и проявлениях. Территория и пространство зачастую воспринимаются как синонимы, хотя профессиональные географы их разделяли, наполняя разным содержанием. Особое значение в этой связи приобретает социально-экономическое районирование, которое выступает инструментом управления пространственным развитием. Выводы. На современном этапе общественного развития пространство становится многомерным, очень динамичным и все более усложняющимся. Информационное и виртуальное пространство становится новой реальностью, которую необходимо изучать географам и использовать в разных общественных сферах и секторах экономики, в частности, для развития индустрии...