One of the many factors involved in the development of uterine fibroids is vitamin D deficiency. One aspect of this deficiency is decreased serum concentration of calcidiol-25(OH)D, a metabolite of D3 vitamin. The active form of vitamin D3, which arises after numerous enzymatic reactions, is calcitriol-1,25(OH)2D3; this compound is transported to various body tissues. Vitamin D possesses extra-genomic effects due to its influence on various signaling pathways, i.e., through activating tyrosine kinases and by genomic effects via binding to a specific nuclear receptor, vitamin D receptor (VDR). The vitamin D/VDR complex regulates the expression of genes and is involved in the pathogenesis of fibroids. Numerous studies have shown that vitamin D supplementation reduces fibroid size. It has also been shown that the expression of VDR in myoma tissue is significantly lower than in the uterine muscle tissue at the tumor periphery. However, the expression of VDR in non-myoma uterine muscle has not previously been investigated. Our VDR expression studies were performed immunohistochemically with tissue microarrays (TMA) in three tissue groups: 98 uterine myoma tissues, 98 uterine tissues (tumor margin), and 12 tissues of normal uterine muscle (i.e., without fibroids). A statistical analysis showed significantly lower VDR expression in uterine muscle at the periphery of the fibroid than in healthy uterine muscle. Lower expression of VDR at the periphery of the myoma compared to that in normal uterine muscle may indicate potential for new myomas. This observation and the described reduction in the size of fibroids after vitamin D supplementation supports the hypothesis of causal development of uterine fibroids and may be useful for the prevention of re-development in the event of their excision from the uterus.

We aim to describe the relationship between the immunohistochemical expression patterns of HPV E4 markers and the presence of HPV major capsid protein (L1) in cervical tissues obtained by biopsy of patients with abnormal liquid-based cytology (LBC) results, HR HPV infections, or clinically suspicious cervix. A novel HPV-encoded marker, SILgrade-E4 (XR-E4-1), and an HPV (clone K1H8) antibody were used to demonstrate the expression in terminally differentiated epithelial cells with a productive HPV infection in the material. A semiquantitative analysis was performed based on light microscope images. The level of E4 protein decreased with the disease severity. Patients with LSIL-CIN 1 and HSIL-CIN 2 diagnoses had significantly lower levels of HPV major capsid protein (L1) than those without confirmed cervical lesions. Our analysis confirms a higher incidence of L1 in patients with molecularly diagnosed HPV infections and excluded lesions of LSIL-CIN 1 and HSIL-CIN 2. Further studies on the novel biomarkers might help assess the chances of the remission of lesions such as LSIL-CIN 1 and HSIL-CIN 2. Higher levels of E4 protein and L1 may confirm a greater probability of the remission of lesions and incidental infections. In the cytological verification or HPV-dependent screening model, testing for E4 protein and L1 expression may indicate a group with a lower risk of progression of histopathologically diagnosed lesions.

Background: Cervical cancer is fourth the most common cancer in women worldwide. Due to the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the population (80–90%), scientists are likely to discover even more associations of this pathogen with other diseases in the future. In recent years, In Situ Hybridization (ISH) assays that use automated signal-detecting methods in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) cervical tissue, such as the enzyme-categorized signal-detecting system, have shown a higher sensitivity. Objectives and Methods: To evaluate automatic signal detection of ISH assay for detecting HPV DNA, we compared the ability of an ISH probe, Inform HPV II and III (Ventana Medical Systems, Tucson, AZ), to that of PCR assays to detect HPV DNA in cervical tissue specimens with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN; CIN 1, 28 cases; CIN 2, 22 cases; and CIN 3, 20 cases) and normal cervix (2 cases). Results: Our findings showed a significant relation was confirmed between ISH III level and HPV outcome (positive/negative). Patients with positive HPV outcomes had significantly lower ISH III levels, MD = −7961.82 CI₉₅ [−17,230.00; −199.21], p = 0.005. Conclusions: Automatic signal detection of ISH assay is not particularly applicable to cervical tissue material. A more useful method of confirming the presence of HPV in the cervix is the HPV test with genotyping, as it allows for collecting a larger amount of material from the cervical disc and canal. The interpretation of a positive or negative ISH test must be guided in the context of clinical history and morphology.

Understanding the molecular factors involved in the development of uterine myomas may result in the use of pharmacological drugs instead of aggressive surgical treatment. ANG1, CaSR, and FAK were examined in myoma and peripheral tissue samples taken from women after myoma surgery and in normal uterine muscle tissue samples taken from the control group. Tests were performed using tissue microarray immunohistochemistry. No statistically significant differences in ANG1 expression between the tissue of the myoma, the periphery, and the normal uterine muscle tissue of the control group were recorded. The CaSR value was reduced in the myoma and peripheral tissue and normal in the group of women without myomas. FAK expression was also lower in the myoma and periphery compared to the healthy uterine myometrium. Calcium supplementation could have an effect on stopping the growth of myomas.

Cervical cancer is 4th the most common cancer in women worldwide. Due to the prevalence of HPV in the population (80-90%), the scientists are likely to discover even more associations of this pathogen with other diseases in the future. In recent years, ISH assays that use automated signal-detecting methods in ormalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) cervical tissue, such as the enzyme-categorized signal-detecting system, have shown a higher sensitivity. To evaluate automatic signal detection of in situ hybridization (ISH) assay for detecting human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA, we compared the ability of an ISH probe, Inform HPV II and III (Ventana Medical Systems, Tucson, AZ), to that of PCR assays to detect HPV DNA in cervical tissue specimens with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN; CIN 1, 28 cases; CIN 2, 22 cases; and CIN 3, 20 cases) and normal cervix (2 cases). Our findings showed significant relation was confirmed between ISH III level and HPV outcome (positive/negative). Patients with positive HPV outcomes had significantly lower ISH III levels, MD = -7961.82 CI95 [-17230.00; -199.21], p = 0.005. Automatic signal detection of ISH assay is not particularly applicable to cervical tissue material. A more useful method of confirming the presence of HPV in the cervix is ​​the HPV test with genotyping, as it allows for collecting a larger amount of material from the cervical disc and canal. The interpretation of a positive or negative ISH test must be guided in the context of clinical history and morphology.

Understanding the molecular factors involved in the development of uterine myomas may result in the use of pharmacological drugs instead of aggressive surgical treatment. ANGPT1, CASR, and PTK2 were examined in myoma and peripheral tissues samples taken from women after myoma surgery and in normal uterine muscle tissue samples in the control group. Tests were performed using tissue microarray immunohistochemistry. No statistically significant differences in ANGPT1 expression between the tissue of the myoma, the periphery, and the normal uterine muscle tissue of the control group were recorded. The CASR value was reduced in the myoma and peripheral tissue and normal in the group of women without myomas. PTK2 expression was also lower in the myoma and periphery com-pared to healthy uterine myometrium. Calcium supplementation could have an effect on stop-ping the growth of myomas.