This study was designed to isolate an anti-inflammatory activity oligopeptide from goose blood (GBP) for ameliorating LPS-mediated inflammation response and oxidative stress in RAW264.7 macrophages. In this study, GBP was isolated by tangential flow ultrafiltration system (TFUS) combined with size exclusion chromatography (SEC), ion exchange chromatography (IEC), and reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP-LC), and then identified by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). The experiment results indicated that the amino acid sequence of oligopeptide with the best anti-inflammatory activity was IIe-Val-Tyr-Pro-Trp-Thr-Gln-Arg (IVYPWTQR), which had a molecular weight of 1062.5720 Da, and was derived from haemoglobin subunit beta OS in goose blood. In addition, IVYPWTQR was confirmed to have satisfactory stability and maintained high anti-inflammatory activity in a simulated gastrointestinal digestion. The mechanism by which the IVYPWTQR protected against LPS-mediated inflammation response was attributed to downregulating the TLR4/NF-kB/iNOS pathway. Moreover, IVYPWTQR ameliorated oxidative stress damage in inflammatory state was attributed to activating antioxidant defence system, which was regulated by Keap-1/NRF2/HO-1 signalling pathway for decreasing the accumulation of reactive oxide species (ROS). In summary, these results indicated GBP could serve as a potential functional factor for prevention and improvement of inflammation mediated by LPS and provided an affordable dietary intervention strategy to prevent inflammation.

The aim of this study was to isolate and identify antioxidative peptide from goose liver hydrolysate (GLHP) for ameliorating oxidative stress damage by alcohol in HHL-5 hepatocytes. In this research, the target antioxidative peptides in GLHP were separated, purified, and identified via a tangential flow ultrafiltration system combined with size exclusion chromatography (SEC), ion exchange chromatography (IEC), reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP-LC), and LC-MS/MS. The results suggested that the amino acid sequence of the target antioxidative peptide for ameliorating alcohol-mediated oxidative stress damage in HHL-5 hepatocytes was Leu-Pro-Leu-Pro-Phe-Pro (LPLPFP), which had a molecular weight of 683.41 Da, and was derived from NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 1 in goose liver. In addition, LPLPFP was confirmed to have a satisfactory stability and maintained high hepatic protective activity in a simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Moreover, the mechanism of LPLPFP prevented against oxidative stress damage in HHL-5 hepatocytes was attributed to inhibiting the production of reactive oxide species (ROS) by upregulating genes expression in the Ahr-NQO1 signal pathway. In conclusion, these results indicated that dietary GLHP supplementation could ameliorate alcohol-mediated oxidative stress damage and provide an affordable dietary intervention strategy to prevent alcohol-mediated hepatocyte damage.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its associated complications represent a significant public health issue affecting hundreds of millions of people globally; thus, measures to prevent T2DM are urgently needed. Chuju has been proven to possess antihyperglycemic activity. However, the bioactive ingredients in chuju that contribute to its antihyperglycemic activity, as well as the relationship between its antihyperglycemic activity and the gut microbiota, remain unclear. To understand the potential effects that it has on T2DM, the glycolipid metabolism and gut microbiota regulation of flavonoid-rich extracts from chuju (CJE) were investigated. The results showed that the top ten flavonoid compounds in CJE are Apigenin 6, 8-digalactoside, Apigenin 6-C-glucoside 8-C-arabinoside, Luteolin-4′-O-glucoside, Isoshaftoside, Scutellarin, Quercetin 3-O-malonylglucoside, Chrysoeriol 7-O-glucoside, Quercetin-3,4′-O-di-beta-glucoside, Luteolin 6-C-glucoside 8-C-arabinoside, and Homoorientin. Furthermore, CJE mitigated hyperglycemia and glycolipid metabolism by reducing the abundance of Faecalibaculum, Coriobacteriaceae, and Romboutsia and increasing the abundance of Alistipes. In addition, the results of Western blot analysis showed that CJE could enhance glycogen synthesis and glucose transport by up-regulating the phosphorylation of IRS1-PI3K-Akt and AMPK-GLUT4. Simultaneously, CJE could decrease gluconeogenesis by down-regulating the phosphorylation of FoxO1/GSK 3β. In conclusion, the findings of this study provide new evidence supporting the hypothesis that CJE can be used as part of a therapeutic approach for treating disturbances in glycolipid metabolism via regulating the gut microbiota and mediating the IRS1-PI3K-Akt-FoxO1/GSK 3β and AMPK-GLUT4 pathways.

The prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its associated complications is an urgent public health issue that affects hundreds of millions of people globally. Chuju has been proved to possess antihyperglycemic activity. However, the bioactive ingredients in chuju that contribute to antihyperglycemic activity as well as the relation between its antihyperglycemic activity and gut microbiota remain unclear. To understand the potential effect it has on T2DM, the glycolipid metabolism and gut microbiota regulation of flavonoids-rich extracts from chuju (CJE) were investigated. The results showed that CJE remarkably mitigated hyperglycemia and glycolipid metabolism by regulating the gut microbiota in T2DM mice. Furthermore, the macro-genome sequencing results showed that CJE intervention regulated the composition of gut microbiota in T2DM mice, characterized by downregulating the abundance of Faecalibaculum, Coriobacteriaceae, Romboutsia and up-regulating the abundance of Alistipes. In addition, CJE could promote glycogen synthesis, gluconeogenesis, glucose transport and inhibite glycolysis by regulating the expression of insulin-mediated IRS1-PI3K-Akt-FoxO1/GSK 3β pathway and non-insulin-mediated AMPK-GLUT4 pathway. Taken together, the results provided new evidence that CJE alleviate disturbance of glycolipid metabolism via regulating gut microbiota and mediating IRS1-PI3K-Akt-FoxO1/GSK 3β, AMPK-GLUT4 pathway.

This study investigated the interactions between Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. ‘Chuju’ ethanolic extract (CMCE) and three types of starch (CS: corn starch; WS: wheat starch; BS: buckwheat starch), and their effects on starch digestion and glycolipid metabolism in diabetic mice. The results showed that CMCE interacted with starch via non-covalent interactions, altering the short-range ordered structure and forming composite surfaces with more and smaller pores, thereby significantly increasing resistant starch (RS) content (P < 0.05). Molecular simulations showed that the interaction energies between apigenin (Ap), luteolin (Lu), quercetin (Qu), and starch were all negative, with the interaction strength and the number of hydrogen bonds following the order Ap < Lu < Qu, consistent with the number of active functional groups (hydroxyl groups) in each molecule. In vivo, high-dose WS-CMCE alleviated weight loss and increased pancreatic index in diabetic mice (P < 0.05). These findings provide a scientific basis for developing starch and starch-based foods containing CMCE.