Due to the changes in the domestic and international economic situation in the post-pandemic era, the economic development of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area has become unstable in many aspects. The paper adopted the Pressure-State-Response (PSR) model to build a regional economic resilience evaluation system from the perspective of public health emergencies. Then, the spatial and temporal evolution of the economic resilience of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area and the influencing factors were explored by using entropy weight method, GIS and gray correlation method. The conclusions show that: (1) Temporally, the economic resilience of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area has generally increased from 2010 to 2021, and is divided into three main stages: rapid development, adjustment to fluctuations and stable development. (2) Spatially, the overall pattern of economic resilience in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area is high in the middle and south and low in the northwest, and shows a “stochastic—equalized—polarized” pattern of transformation. (3) In terms of influencing factors, economic status and economic response are the main dimensions affecting the resilience level of the economic system in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao region. The level of scientific research and innovation, medical governance, government regulation and the rationalization of the industrial system are the key factors.

The integrated study of the tourism-economy-ecosystem plays a significant role in regional high-quality development. In this study, methods including the Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis (SMH), coupling coordination degree and a gravity model are adopted in combination to explore the evolution characteristics of the Tourism-Economy-Ecology (TEE) systems in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) from 2009 to 2019 from four perspectives: development level, spatial mismatch, coupling coordination and spatial mismatch-coupling coordination. The research results are presented as follows. Firstly, the overall development level of the three subsystems shows improvement, the overall pattern of tourism and economic development levels shows similarity, the polarization of tourism development reaches a relatively significant level, and the changes in the ecological subsystem are more significant than those in other subsystems. Secondly, the spatial mismatch direction and level of cities are relatively stable, and the mismatch index of high-grade cities varies considerably, while the tourism subsystem contributes significantly to the occurrence of spatial mismatch in the regional system. Thirdly, the coupling and coordination level of the system in the east is higher than in the west, with a vast majority of them in the state of near-mismatch, while the coupling and coordination state is more stable in most cities and tends to be coordinated. Guangzhou, Shenzhen and Foshan represent the crucial nodes of regional system coupling and coordination. The opening of high-speed railway lines enhances the connection between cities, and it remains necessary to enhance the coupling and coordination across various economic circles. Lastly, according to the comparison of spatial mismatch-coupling coordination linkage, these cities can be classified into three categories: prominent core cities, coordinating sub-cities, and potential peripheral cities. To be specific, Guangzhou and Shenzhen represent prominent core cities, Dongguan, Foshan and Huizhou represent coordinated secondary cities, and Zhuhai, Zhongshan, Jiangmen and Zhaoqing represent potential peripheral cities.

Resilience city, a new concept of city sustainable development, becomes one of the important subjects of high-quality development research. Compared to the traditional urban disaster mitigation approach, resilient cities focus more on the organizational capacity and coordination within the urban systems. Taking Guangzhou metropolitan area as an instance, which is featured a highly developed economy and society and frequently happened hazards and disturbances, the paper constructs an evaluation index system from four city subsystems, including economy, society, ecology, and engineering. Meanwhile, by applying the methods of global entropy weight, variation coefficient, geographic information system, and obstacle degree model, the paper explores the time changes, space evolution, and obstacle degree factors of city resilience in the Guangzhou metropolitan area from 2010 to 2020. The research results show that: (1) There is a significant change in the time difference of city comprehensive resilience of the Guangzhou metropolitan area. The resilience of each city’s resilience subsystem has grown steadily, of which the development level of economic resilience, social resilience, and engineering resilience has been steadily improved, and ecology resilience level shows a slight decline among a steadily increasing. (2) The overall city resilience of the Guangzhou metropolitan area shows a radial pattern taking Guangzhou as the core, of which the city economy, society, and engineering resilience grades mainly show a medium and low resilience level, the ecology resilience mainly shows a medium and high resilience level, and the general performance of resilience space distribution level is high in the southeast and low in the northwest. (3) Social resilience and ecological resilience are the main driving subsystems in the early and late stages of city resilience development in Guangzhou metropolitan area during the research period, and engineering resilience is the main constraint subsystem. (4) Water and soil loss control area and population density are the main obstacle factors in the early and late stages of city resilience in the Guangzhou metropolitan area. The density of the city drainage pipeline and the total import and export volume are the basic resilience barrier factors. The paper analyzes the spatial-temporal pattern and influencing factors of city resilience in the metropolitan area from a multi-dimensional perspective, provides a new thinking and analysis framework for the management and sustainability of city resilience in the metropolitan area, and provides a reference for the coordinated development of the metropolitan area.

Emergency shelters are multifunctional spaces that provide safe refuge, essential life protection, and rescue command for residents in case of urban disaster. These shelters constitute crucial components of urban public safety. This study, with Tianhe District in Guangzhou City as a case study, used data from emergency evacuation sites and other socio-economic sources to construct an evaluation system for spatial suitability evaluation and layout optimization of emergency shelters. This paper utilized from GIS-based methods including Grey Correlation Method (GCM) and Entropy Weight Method (EWM), the research process of “suitability evaluation —evacuation gap analysis—site selection—site optimization”is established, and the suitability evaluation results are calculated from the combination of effectiveness, accessibility and safety; based on the principles of fairness, accessibility, safety and feasibility, combined with the analysis of the current situation of land use and evacuation demand, the layout of urban emergency evacuation sites is adjusted. Finally, the spatial layout optimization plan for emergency shelters in Tianhe District was obtained. The results show that: (1) the overall suitability of the 50 emergency shelters in Tianhe District is favorable: 21 shelters are classified as “suitable,” 25 shelters as “slightly suitable,” and four as “unsuitable.” (2) Most significant evacuation gaps are located in the peripheral areas of Tianhe District. By adding five new evacuation sites to optimize the existing layout, the evacuation coverage increased from 68.4 % to 85.2 %. Consequently, the number of people in need of evacuation decreased from 387,900 to 80,100, so the reasonable allocation of evacuation space has been significantly improved. At the same time, the optimised scheme increases the density of emergency shelters and reduces the overlap of services to some extent. Evaluating the appropriateness and optimizing the spatial layout of urban emergency shelters can enhance disaster prevention and response capacity in megacities. This approach is of great practical value for the construction of resilient cities and the implementation of sustainable development strategies.

With the impact of fossil energy on the climate environment and the development of energy technologies, new energy vehicles, represented by electric cars, have begun to receive increasing attention and emphasis. The rapid proliferation of public charging infrastructure for NEVs has concurrently influenced traditional petrol station networks, creating measurable disparities in their spatial distributions that warrant systematic investigation. This research examines Wenzhou City, China, as a representative case area, employing multi-source Point of Interest (POI) data and spatial analysis models to analyse differential characteristics in spatial layout accessibility, service equity, and underlying driving mechanisms between public electric vehicle charging stations (EV) and traditional gas stations (GS). The findings reveal that public electric vehicle charging stations exhibit a pronounced “single-centre concentration with weak multi-centre linkage” spatial configuration, heavily reliant on dual-core drivers of population density and economic activity. This results in marked service accessibility declines in peripheral areas, resembling a cliff-like drop, and a relatively low spatial equity index. In contrast, traditional gas stations demonstrate a “core-axis linkage” diffusion pattern with strong coupling to urban road networks, showing gradient attenuation in service coverage efficiency along transportation arteries, fewer suburban service gaps, and more gradual accessibility reductions. Location entropy analysis further indicates that charging station deployment shows significant capital-oriented tendencies, with certain areas exhibiting paradoxical “excess facilities” phenomena, while gas station distribution aligns more closely with road network topology and transportation demand dynamics. Furthermore, the layout characteristics of public charging stations feature a more complex and diverse range of land use types, while traditional gas stations have a strong dependence on industrial land. This research elucidates the spatial distribution patterns of emerging and legacy energy infrastructure in the survey regions, providing critical empirical evidence for optimising energy infrastructure allocation and facilitating coordinated transportation system transitions. The findings also offer practical insights for the construction of energy supply facilities in urban development frameworks, holding substantial reference value for achieving sustainable urban spatial governance.