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Florin Onea
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, 47 Domneasca Street, 800008 Galati, Romania

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Journal article
Published: 04 June 2021 in Inventions
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The present work aims to provide a comprehensive picture of the wind energy potential that characterizes the Romanian coastal environment using in situ measurements and reanalysis of wind data (ERA5) that cover a 42–year time interval (1979–2020). A total of 16 reference points (both land and offshore) equally distributed along the Romanian sector are used to evaluate the local wind energy potential, targeting in this way several sites where a renewable wind project could be established. Compared to the in situ measurements (land points), the ERA5 dataset underestimates the wind speed by at least 11.57%, this value increasing as we approach the coastline. From the analysis of the spatial maps, it is likely that the wind speed steadily increases from onshore to offshore, with a sharp variation near the coastline being reported. Furthermore, the assessment of some state-of-the-art offshore wind turbines was conducted using 12 systems defined by rated capacity ranging from 2 to 10 MW. Some scenarios were proposed to identify sustainable offshore wind projects to be implemented in the Romanian coastal zone based on these results.

ACS Style

Alina Girleanu; Florin Onea; Eugen Rusu. Assessment of the Wind Energy Potential along the Romanian Coastal Zone. Inventions 2021, 6, 41 .

AMA Style

Alina Girleanu, Florin Onea, Eugen Rusu. Assessment of the Wind Energy Potential along the Romanian Coastal Zone. Inventions. 2021; 6 (2):41.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alina Girleanu; Florin Onea; Eugen Rusu. 2021. "Assessment of the Wind Energy Potential along the Romanian Coastal Zone." Inventions 6, no. 2: 41.

Journal article
Published: 15 May 2021 in Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
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The European offshore wind market is continuously expanding. This means that, together with significant technological developments, new coastal environments should be considered for the implementation of the wind farms, as is the case of the Black Sea, which is targeted in the present work. From this perspective, an overview of the wind energy potential in the Romanian exclusive economic zone (EEZ) in the Black Sea is presented in this work. This is made by analyzing a total of 20 years of wind data (corresponding to the time interval 2000–2019) coming from different sources, which include ERA5 reanalysis data and satellite measurements. Furthermore, a direct comparison between these datasets was also carried out. Finally, the results of the present work indicate that the Romanian offshore areas can replicate the success reported by the onshore wind projects, of which we can mention the Fantanele-Cogealac wind farm with an operating capacity of 600 MW.

ACS Style

Florin Onea; Eugen Rusu; Liliana Rusu. Assessment of the Offshore Wind Energy Potential in the Romanian Exclusive Economic Zone. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2021, 9, 531 .

AMA Style

Florin Onea, Eugen Rusu, Liliana Rusu. Assessment of the Offshore Wind Energy Potential in the Romanian Exclusive Economic Zone. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2021; 9 (5):531.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Florin Onea; Eugen Rusu; Liliana Rusu. 2021. "Assessment of the Offshore Wind Energy Potential in the Romanian Exclusive Economic Zone." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 5: 531.

Journal article
Published: 09 May 2021 in Inventions
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A particularity of island areas is that they are subjected to strong sea state conditions that can have a severe impact on the beach stability, while on the other hand, they rely mainly on diesel combustion for electricity production which in the long run is not a sustainable solution. The aim of this work is to tackle these two issues, by assessing the impact of a hybrid marine energy farm that may operate near the north-western part of Giglio Island in the Mediterranean Sea. As a first step, the most relevant environmental conditions (wind and waves) over a 27-year time interval (January 1992–December 2018) were identified considering data coming from both ERA5 and the European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative for Sea State. An overview of the electricity production was made by considering some offshore wind turbines, the results showing that even during the summertime when there is a peak demand (but low wind resources), the demand can be fully covered by five wind turbines defined each by a rated power of 6 MW. The main objective of this work is to assess the coastal impact induced by a marine energy farm, and for this reason, various layouts obtained by varying the number of lines (one or two) and the distance between the devices were proposed. The modelling system considered has been already calibrated in the target area for this type of study while the selected device is defined by a relatively low absorption property. The dynamics of various wave parameters has been analysed, including significant wave height, but also parameters related to the breaking mechanics, and longshore currents. It was noticed that although the target area is naturally protected by the dominant waves that are coming from the south-western sector, it is possible to occur extreme waves coming from the north-west during the wintertime that can be efficiently attenuated by the presence of the marine energy farm.

ACS Style

Liliana Rusu; Florin Onea; Eugen Rusu. The Expected Impact of Marine Energy Farms Operating in Island Environments with Mild Wave Energy Resources—A Case Study in the Mediterranean Sea. Inventions 2021, 6, 33 .

AMA Style

Liliana Rusu, Florin Onea, Eugen Rusu. The Expected Impact of Marine Energy Farms Operating in Island Environments with Mild Wave Energy Resources—A Case Study in the Mediterranean Sea. Inventions. 2021; 6 (2):33.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liliana Rusu; Florin Onea; Eugen Rusu. 2021. "The Expected Impact of Marine Energy Farms Operating in Island Environments with Mild Wave Energy Resources—A Case Study in the Mediterranean Sea." Inventions 6, no. 2: 33.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2021 in Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
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The aim of the present work is to identify the expected nearshore and offshore impact of a marine energy farm that would be implemented in the coastal environment of Portugal. Several layouts of Wave Dragon devices were considered, the distance between each system being gradually adjusted. By processing 27–years of combined wave data coming from the European Space Agency and ERA5, the most relevant conditions have been identified. The centre of each farm layout was set to approximately 3.5 km from the coast, where a more significant attenuation of wave heights in the middle of the target area was noticed, which can go up to 16% in the case of extreme events. From the analysis of the longshore currents, it was noticed that even an arrow farm layout defined by five systems may have a significant impact, by changing the peak or by smoothing the currents profile. Wave energy is an emerging renewable sector that can also contribute tocoastal protection and, therefore, the Portuguese coast represents a suitable candidate for this type of project.

ACS Style

Florin Onea; Liliana Rusu; Gabriel Carp; Eugen Rusu. Wave Farms Impact on the Coastal Processes—A Case Study Area in the Portuguese Nearshore. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2021, 9, 262 .

AMA Style

Florin Onea, Liliana Rusu, Gabriel Carp, Eugen Rusu. Wave Farms Impact on the Coastal Processes—A Case Study Area in the Portuguese Nearshore. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2021; 9 (3):262.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Florin Onea; Liliana Rusu; Gabriel Carp; Eugen Rusu. 2021. "Wave Farms Impact on the Coastal Processes—A Case Study Area in the Portuguese Nearshore." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 3: 262.

Journal article
Published: 16 September 2020 in Energies
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The objective of the present study is to show a comprehensive assessment of the wind resource dynamics along the Spanish coastal environment of the Iberian Peninsula. After studying the historical resources (reported at 100 m height) for the 20-year period from 1999 to 2018 by analyzing the ERA5 time series of wind speed data, the 10 locations with highest historical wind resources are considered. For these, the study of the future dynamics for the 30-year period from 2021 to 2050 under the climate change scenario RCP 4.5 is carried out. After further selection, mean and maximum values, as well as the seasonal and monthly variability of the wind power density, are obtained for six locations along the Spanish coasts. Furthermore, a performance and economic dynamics assessment is presented for four different wind turbine technologies with rated capacities ranging between 3 and 9.5 MW. A further comparison with other locations in the Baltic Sea and the Black Sea is presented to provide a critical image of the Spanish wind resources dynamics in the European framework. The results indicate a noticeable gain of wind resources in various locations of the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts, with others presenting slight losses.

ACS Style

Andrés Ruiz; Florin Onea; Eugen Rusu. Study Concerning the Expected Dynamics of the Wind Energy Resources in the Iberian Nearshore. Energies 2020, 13, 4832 .

AMA Style

Andrés Ruiz, Florin Onea, Eugen Rusu. Study Concerning the Expected Dynamics of the Wind Energy Resources in the Iberian Nearshore. Energies. 2020; 13 (18):4832.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrés Ruiz; Florin Onea; Eugen Rusu. 2020. "Study Concerning the Expected Dynamics of the Wind Energy Resources in the Iberian Nearshore." Energies 13, no. 18: 4832.

Review
Published: 24 March 2020 in Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
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The aim of the present work is to provide an overview of the possible implications involving the influence of a generic marine energy farm on the nearshore processes. Several case studies covering various European coastal areas are considered for illustration purposes. These include different nearshore areas, such as the Portuguese coast, Sardinia Island or a coastal sector close to the Danube Delta in the Black Sea. For the case studies related to the Portuguese coast, it is noted that a marine energy farm may reduce the velocity of the longshore currents, with a complete attenuation of the current velocity for some case studies in the coastal area from Leixoes region being observed. For the area located close to the Danube Delta, it is estimated that in the proposed configuration, a marine energy farm would provide an efficient protection against the wave action, but it will have a relatively negligible impact on the longshore currents. Summarizing the results, we can conclude that a marine energy farm seems to be beneficial for coastal protection, even in the case of the enclosed areas, such as the Mediterranean or Black seas, where the erosion generated by the wave action represents a real problem.

ACS Style

Alina Raileanu; Florin Onea; Eugen Rusu. An Overview of the Expected Shoreline Impact of the Marine Energy Farms Operating in Different Coastal Environments. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2020, 8, 228 .

AMA Style

Alina Raileanu, Florin Onea, Eugen Rusu. An Overview of the Expected Shoreline Impact of the Marine Energy Farms Operating in Different Coastal Environments. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2020; 8 (3):228.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alina Raileanu; Florin Onea; Eugen Rusu. 2020. "An Overview of the Expected Shoreline Impact of the Marine Energy Farms Operating in Different Coastal Environments." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 3: 228.

Conference paper
Published: 14 October 2019 in E3S Web of Conferences
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The aim of this work is to identify the most suitable offshore wind farms from Germany that present relevant wave conditions, suitable for the development of a wave energy project. By using the ERA-Interim data (wind and waves) reported for the time interval from 1999 and 2018, was possible to identify the more important areas, by taking also into account the seasonal distributions. Several wave energy converters were considered for assessment, for which a capacity factor located between 2.5% and 14% was reported, better results being accounted by the Seabased system (rated at 15 kW). Finally, we canconcluded that the North Sea represent an important area in terms of the marine energy and since at this moment there are operational wave projects, this will represent a suitable area for the development of a mixed wind-wave project.

ACS Style

Eugen Rusu; Florin Onea. Wind and wave energy resource of Germany reported by ERA-Interim reanalysis data. E3S Web of Conferences 2019, 122, 04003 .

AMA Style

Eugen Rusu, Florin Onea. Wind and wave energy resource of Germany reported by ERA-Interim reanalysis data. E3S Web of Conferences. 2019; 122 ():04003.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eugen Rusu; Florin Onea. 2019. "Wind and wave energy resource of Germany reported by ERA-Interim reanalysis data." E3S Web of Conferences 122, no. : 04003.

Conference paper
Published: 14 October 2019 in E3S Web of Conferences
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A general assessment of the wind energy potential from the eastern part of Romania was carried out in this work by taking into account onshore and offshore wind conditions. First, a perspective of the importance of the renewable resources into the Romanian electricity system was provided, from which was noticed that the wind production cover almost 15% from the demand (reported to 2017). From the analysis of the wind data significant differences were noticed between the onshore and offshore regions, the last one presenting more important wind resources, that significantly increase during the winter time (with almost 22%). According to the performance reported by an offshore wind turbine (rated at 3 MW), such generator will operate at full capacity in a maximum 9% from the time, if we consider a hub height of 119 m.

ACS Style

Florin Onea; Liliana Rusu. Assessment of the Romanian onshore and offshore wind energy potential. E3S Web of Conferences 2019, 122, 01003 .

AMA Style

Florin Onea, Liliana Rusu. Assessment of the Romanian onshore and offshore wind energy potential. E3S Web of Conferences. 2019; 122 ():01003.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Florin Onea; Liliana Rusu. 2019. "Assessment of the Romanian onshore and offshore wind energy potential." E3S Web of Conferences 122, no. : 01003.

Journal article
Published: 03 September 2019 in Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
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A particular aspect of the maritime operations involves available weather intervals, especially in the context of the emerging renewable energy projects. The Black Sea basin is considered for assessment in this work, by analyzing a total of 30-years (1987–2016) of high-resolution wind and wave data. Furthermore, using as reference, the operations thresholds of some installation vessels, some relevant case studies have been identified. The evaluation was made over the entire sea basin, but also for some specific sites located close to the major harbors. In general, the significant wave heights with values above 2.5 m present a maximum restriction of 6%, while for the western sector, a percentage value of 40% is associated to a significant wave height of 1 m. There are situations in which the persistence of a restriction reaches a maximum time interval of 96-h; this being the case of the sites Constanta, Sulina, Istanbul or Burgas. From a long-term perspective, it seems that there is a tendency of the waves to increase close to the Romanian, Bulgarian, and Turkish coastal environments—while an opposite trend is expected for the sites located on the eastern side.

ACS Style

Florin Onea; Liliana Rusu. Long-Term Analysis of the Black Sea Weather Windows. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2019, 7, 303 .

AMA Style

Florin Onea, Liliana Rusu. Long-Term Analysis of the Black Sea Weather Windows. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2019; 7 (9):303.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Florin Onea; Liliana Rusu. 2019. "Long-Term Analysis of the Black Sea Weather Windows." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 9: 303.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2019 in Energies
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At this time, there are plans to develop offshore wind projects in the Caspian Sea. The aim of the present work was to estimate the possible benefits coming from such a project. As a first step, the wind profile of this region was established by considering reanalysis data coming from the ERA-Interim project, the time interval covered being between January 1999 and December 2018. According to these results, significant resources have been noticed in the northern part where the wind speed frequently reached 8 m/s, being identified also as a hot-spot south of Olya site. In the second part, the performances of some offshore wind turbines were established. These were defined by rated capacities ranging from 3 MW to 8.8 MW. The downtime period of some generators can reach 90% in the central and southern sectors, while for the capacity factor, the authors expected a maximum of 33.07% for a turbine rated at 4.2 MW. From a financial point of view, the values of the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) indicated that the sites from the north and central parts of the Caspian Sea have been defined by an average LCOE of 0.25 USD/kWh. Thus, they can represent viable locations for wind farm projects.

ACS Style

Florin Onea; Eugen Rusu. An Assessment of Wind Energy Potential in the Caspian Sea. Energies 2019, 12, 2525 .

AMA Style

Florin Onea, Eugen Rusu. An Assessment of Wind Energy Potential in the Caspian Sea. Energies. 2019; 12 (13):2525.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Florin Onea; Eugen Rusu. 2019. "An Assessment of Wind Energy Potential in the Caspian Sea." Energies 12, no. 13: 2525.

Conference paper
Published: 17 June 2019 in E3S Web of Conferences
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The aim of the present work is to assess the electricity production coming from an offshore wind farm that may operate in the northern part of the Romanian coastal area. In the first part, a complete description of the Romanian energy sector is presented considering the t ime interval from January 2008 to December 2018. In general, the elect ricity sold is negat ive (exports exceed imports), with the ment ion that a significant cont ribution comes from hydroelect ric and coal generat ion. It is important to ment ion that , if one of these two sectors willno longer perform on full capacity, the elect ricity balance will be shifted to the elect ricity imports. As for the wind energy, the average values from the vicinity of Sulina site may vary between 5.6 m/s and 8 m/s depending on the season, these results being reported at a wind turbine level (80 m). By using an offshore win d farm which replicates the Greater Gabbard project (504 MW), England, was possible to est imate the annual energy product ion and to indicate the expected impact on the energy sector. For example, a single wind farm may cover 1.7% of the total production, which may be further associated with 9.6% from nuclear, 7.6% from hydroelect ric or 6.4% from coal, respectively.

ACS Style

Florin Onea; Liliana Rusu. Offshore Wind Energy and the Romanian Energy Future. E3S Web of Conferences 2019, 103, 01004 .

AMA Style

Florin Onea, Liliana Rusu. Offshore Wind Energy and the Romanian Energy Future. E3S Web of Conferences. 2019; 103 ():01004.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Florin Onea; Liliana Rusu. 2019. "Offshore Wind Energy and the Romanian Energy Future." E3S Web of Conferences 103, no. : 01004.

Conference paper
Published: 17 June 2019 in E3S Web of Conferences
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In the present work, the relationship between Romanian wave power and the distance to the shoreline is evaluated, by taking also into account the performances of some wave energy converters. Several reference sites located on northern, centre and southern part of this area were taken into account, the wave energy being assessed at 5 km, 15 km and 30 km from the shore. More important resources were noticed close to the Vama Veche (in south) were an average of 4.27 kW/m is reported offshore. As we go from shore to offshore, the wave variations may reach a maximum of 7.7% in the case of the Navodari site (centre), while a 3.3% is expected for Vama Veche. In the case of the wave generators, three types of systems (Seabased, Pelamis and Wave Dragon) were considered, that cover a rated capacity ranging from 15 kW to 7000 kW. For the Saint George s ite (north), the power production is insignificant being located close to zero, while in terms of the capacity factor a maximum of 0.12% may be expected from the Seabased system. The capacity factor significantly increases as we go to south, being reported during winter time values close to 3% for Pelamis system or 6% in the case of Seabased, respectively.

ACS Style

Florin Onea; Liliana Rusu. Wave Power Variation near the Romanian Coastal Waters. E3S Web of Conferences 2019, 103, 01006 .

AMA Style

Florin Onea, Liliana Rusu. Wave Power Variation near the Romanian Coastal Waters. E3S Web of Conferences. 2019; 103 ():01006.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Florin Onea; Liliana Rusu. 2019. "Wave Power Variation near the Romanian Coastal Waters." E3S Web of Conferences 103, no. : 01006.

Journal article
Published: 13 May 2019 in Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
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At the European level, offshore wind projects are already considered a competitive market. Nevertheless, this is not yet the case of the enclosed sea basins, such as the Black Sea, where no offshore wind farm is operating at this moment. From this perspective, the objective of the present work is to identify the most suitable sites where a wind project can be developed in the Romanian coastal areas. Various parameters, such as wind speed, water depth, distance to shore, and turbine performance, are considered. A picture of the local wind characteristics is first provided considering 20 years of reanalysis data, which cover the time interval from January 1998 to December 2017. The results indicated that the best sites to implement a wind project are located in the northern sector of the Black Sea, close to the Danube Delta. It was also noticed an important variation of the wind speed between onshore and 20 km offshore, for which an increase of about 55% was estimated.

ACS Style

Florin Onea; Liliana Rusu. A Study on the Wind Energy Potential in the Romanian Coastal Environment. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2019, 7, 142 .

AMA Style

Florin Onea, Liliana Rusu. A Study on the Wind Energy Potential in the Romanian Coastal Environment. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2019; 7 (5):142.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Florin Onea; Liliana Rusu. 2019. "A Study on the Wind Energy Potential in the Romanian Coastal Environment." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 5: 142.

Journal article
Published: 25 March 2019 in Energy
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The objective of the present work is to provide a comprehensive picture of the benefits coming from a wind and wave project that would operate near the largest and the most significant islands. According to the data processed in this study, the wind power has values in the range 47.1 W/m2 (Borneo) – 1430 W/m2 (Greenland), while for the wave power a minimum value of 2.28 kW/m is noticed close to Sulawesi, compared to a maximum of 68.8 kW/m encountered close to Tasmania. As a next step, the performances of several wind and wave generators were evaluated. Thus, a wind farm may reduce the emissions with a maximum 84% in the case of Madagascar, or 88% near Iceland, while from the wave converters, only the Wave Dragon may reduce about 8% in Ireland or, on the other hand 86% in Iceland. In the final part of the work, the levelised cost of energy (LCOE) was also assessed. Thus, it was estimated that for some sites the wind systems already satisfy the EU target for the year 2025 of 0.11 USD/kWh, compared to the wave systems that still have a high electricity price being quite far from these targets.

ACS Style

Eugen Rusu; Florin Onea. An assessment of the wind and wave power potential in the island environment. Energy 2019, 175, 830 -846.

AMA Style

Eugen Rusu, Florin Onea. An assessment of the wind and wave power potential in the island environment. Energy. 2019; 175 ():830-846.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eugen Rusu; Florin Onea. 2019. "An assessment of the wind and wave power potential in the island environment." Energy 175, no. : 830-846.

Journal article
Published: 15 September 2018 in Energies
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The main objective of this work was to evaluate the nearshore wind resources in the Black Sea area by using a high resolution wind database (ERA-Interim). A subsequent objective was to estimate what type of wind turbines and wind farm configurations would be more suitable for this coastal environment. A more comprehensive picture of these resources was provided by including some satellite measurements, which were also used to assess the wind conditions in the vicinity of some already operating European wind projects. Based on the results of the present work, it seems that the Crimea Peninsula has the best wind resources. However, considering the current geopolitical situation, it seems that the sites on the western part of this basin (Romania and Bulgaria) would represent more viable locations for developing offshore wind projects. Since there are currently no operational wind projects in this marine area, some possible configurations for the future wind farms are proposed.

ACS Style

Florin Onea; Liliana Rusu. Evaluation of Some State-Of-The-Art Wind Technologies in the Nearshore of the Black Sea. Energies 2018, 11, 2452 .

AMA Style

Florin Onea, Liliana Rusu. Evaluation of Some State-Of-The-Art Wind Technologies in the Nearshore of the Black Sea. Energies. 2018; 11 (9):2452.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Florin Onea; Liliana Rusu. 2018. "Evaluation of Some State-Of-The-Art Wind Technologies in the Nearshore of the Black Sea." Energies 11, no. 9: 2452.

Conference paper
Published: 24 August 2018 in E3S Web of Conferences
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The objective of the present work is to estimate the influence of several hybrid wind and wave farm configurations on the wave conditions reported in the vicinity of the Saint George coastal area, in the Romanian nearshore of the Black Sea. Based on the wave data coming from a climatological database (ERA20C) and also on in situ measurements, it was possible to identify the most relevant wave patterns, which will be further considered for assessment. The numerical simulations were carried out with the SWAN (Simulating Waves Nearshore) wave model, which may provide a comprehensive picture of the wave transformation in the presence of the marine farms. Although the impact of the wind farm is not visible from the spatial maps, from the analysis of the values corresponding to the reference points, it was noticed that a maximum variation of 2% may occur for several wave parameters.

ACS Style

Alina Raileanu; Florin Onea; Liliana Rusu. Coastal protection of the Romanian nearshore throughout hybrid wave and offshore wind farms. E3S Web of Conferences 2018, 51, 01004 .

AMA Style

Alina Raileanu, Florin Onea, Liliana Rusu. Coastal protection of the Romanian nearshore throughout hybrid wave and offshore wind farms. E3S Web of Conferences. 2018; 51 ():01004.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alina Raileanu; Florin Onea; Liliana Rusu. 2018. "Coastal protection of the Romanian nearshore throughout hybrid wave and offshore wind farms." E3S Web of Conferences 51, no. : 01004.

Conference paper
Published: 24 August 2018 in E3S Web of Conferences
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The objective of the present work is to estimate the influence of several hybrid wind and wave farm configurations on the wave conditions reported in the vicinity of the Saint George coastal area, in the Romanian nearshore of the Black Sea. Based on the wave data coming from a climatological database (ERA20C) and also on in situ measurements, it was possible to identify the most relevant wave patterns, which will be further considered for assessment. The numerical simulations were carried out with the SWAN (Simulating Waves Nearshore) wave model, which may provide a comprehensive picture of the wave transformation in the presence of the marine farms. Although the impact of the wind farm is not visible from the spatial maps, from the analysis of the values corresponding to the reference points, it was noticed that a maximum variation of 2% may occur for several wave parameters.

ACS Style

Alina Raileanu; Florin Onea; Liliana Rusu. Coastal protection of the Romanian nearshore throughout hybrid wave and offshore wind farms. E3S Web of Conferences 2018, 51, 01004 .

AMA Style

Alina Raileanu, Florin Onea, Liliana Rusu. Coastal protection of the Romanian nearshore throughout hybrid wave and offshore wind farms. E3S Web of Conferences. 2018; 51 ():01004.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alina Raileanu; Florin Onea; Liliana Rusu. 2018. "Coastal protection of the Romanian nearshore throughout hybrid wave and offshore wind farms." E3S Web of Conferences 51, no. : 01004.

Journal article
Published: 12 July 2018 in Water
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The aim of the present work is to assess the wind and wave climate in the Black Sea while considering various data sources. A special attention is given to the areas with higher navigation traffic. Thus, the results are analyzed for the sites located close to the main harbors and also along the major trading routes. The wind conditions were evaluated considering two different data sets, the reanalysis data provided by NCEP-CFSR (U.S. National Centers for Environmental Prediction-Climate Forecast System Reanalysis) and the hindcast results given by a Regional Climate Model (RCM) that were retrieved from EURO-CORDEX (European Domain-Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment). For the waves, there were considered the results coming from simulations with the SWAN (Simulating Wave Nearshore) model, forced with the above-mentioned two different wind fields. Based on these results, it can be mentioned that the offshore sites seem to show the best correlation between the two datasets for both wind and waves. As regards the nearshore sites, there is a good agreement between the average values of the wind data that are provided by the different datasets, except for the points located in the southern part of the Black Sea. The same trends noticed for the average values remain also valid for the extreme values. Finally, it can be concluded that the results obtained in this study are useful for the evaluation of the wind and wave climate in the Black Sea. Also, they give a more comprehensive picture on how well the wind field provided by the Regional Climate Model, and the wave model forced with this wind, can represent the features of a complex marine environment as the Black Sea is.

ACS Style

Liliana Rusu; Alina Beatrice Raileanu; Florin Onea. A Comparative Analysis of the Wind and Wave Climate in the Black Sea Along the Shipping Routes. Water 2018, 10, 924 .

AMA Style

Liliana Rusu, Alina Beatrice Raileanu, Florin Onea. A Comparative Analysis of the Wind and Wave Climate in the Black Sea Along the Shipping Routes. Water. 2018; 10 (7):924.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liliana Rusu; Alina Beatrice Raileanu; Florin Onea. 2018. "A Comparative Analysis of the Wind and Wave Climate in the Black Sea Along the Shipping Routes." Water 10, no. 7: 924.

Review
Published: 07 March 2018 in Clean Energy
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The main objective of this article is to provide a comprehensive picture of existing wave technologies being used for wave energy extraction. The overview will explain their potential and also the challenges wave technologies face. The article will also briefly discuss the benefits of combined offshore wind-wave projects, also known as hybrids. Key factors and impacts on relevant existing wave technologies will be outlined, including capacity factor and capture width. Finally the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) targets for the most promising technologies will be discussed.

ACS Style

Eugen Rusu; Florin Onea. A review of the technologies for wave energy extraction. Clean Energy 2018, 2, 10 -19.

AMA Style

Eugen Rusu, Florin Onea. A review of the technologies for wave energy extraction. Clean Energy. 2018; 2 (1):10-19.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eugen Rusu; Florin Onea. 2018. "A review of the technologies for wave energy extraction." Clean Energy 2, no. 1: 10-19.

Journal article
Published: 15 January 2018 in Sustainability
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In the present work, the wind and wave conditions in the European nearshore are assessed considering a total of 118 years of data, covering the time interval from 1900 to 2017. In this context, special attention has been given to the western European coasts that are facing the ocean. In order to do this, the reanalysis data coming from three state-of-the-art databases (ERA Interim, ERA20C, and NCEP) were processed. Furthermore, a more complete picture was provided by also including the satellite measurements coming from the AVISO (Archiving, Validation and Interpretation of Satellite Oceanographic Data) project in the analysis. From this perspective, the distribution of the two marine energy resources was discussed, which throughout energetic maps—and further, on some specific reference sites—were defined at a distance of 50 km from the shore for more detailed analysis and comparison. As expected, the places located in the vicinity of the United Kingdom present more important energy resources, but some other interesting sites were also highlighted. Furthermore, although each dataset is defined by particular features, there is a similar pattern in the identification of the sites’ attractiveness, regardless of the database considered for assessment.

ACS Style

Florin Onea; Eugen Rusu. Sustainability of the Reanalysis Databases in Predicting the Wind and Wave Power along the European Coasts. Sustainability 2018, 10, 193 .

AMA Style

Florin Onea, Eugen Rusu. Sustainability of the Reanalysis Databases in Predicting the Wind and Wave Power along the European Coasts. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (1):193.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Florin Onea; Eugen Rusu. 2018. "Sustainability of the Reanalysis Databases in Predicting the Wind and Wave Power along the European Coasts." Sustainability 10, no. 1: 193.