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Prof. Dr. Eugen RUSU
University Dunarea de Jos of Galati, Faculty of Emngineering

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0 Coastal Engineering
0 Environmental Modelling
0 Ocean Energy
0 Marine technologies
0 Maritime Transport

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Short Biography

Eugen Rusu is a Professor at the Department of Mechanical Engineering, "Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati, Romania. He received a diploma in Naval Architecture (1982) and a PhD in Mechanical Engineering (1997). Starting in 2006, he began working as a Professor Collaborator at the Centre for Marine Technology and Ocean Engineering University of Lisbon, Portugal. Since 2012, he has also acted as an expert for the European Commission. He is in the top 1% of world reviewers, and the top 2% of world ranking of scientists. Since 2018, he has been a corresponding member of the Romanian Academy, the highest level scientific and cultural forum in Romania.

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Editorial
Published: 27 July 2021 in Energies
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Climate change has visible effects with growing dynamics in the last decades

ACS Style

Eugen Rusu. Special Issue “Advances and Challenges in Harvesting Ocean Energy”. Energies 2021, 14, 4543 .

AMA Style

Eugen Rusu. Special Issue “Advances and Challenges in Harvesting Ocean Energy”. Energies. 2021; 14 (15):4543.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eugen Rusu. 2021. "Special Issue “Advances and Challenges in Harvesting Ocean Energy”." Energies 14, no. 15: 4543.

Journal article
Published: 21 July 2021 in Inventions
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When an optimal control problem requires an important computational effort, a metaheuristic algorithm (MA) can be a useful approach. An MA is conceived to solve a specific optimal control problem having a characteristic objective function. This algorithm solely yields only an optimal offline solution. The desideratum to have a closed-loop implementation can be fulfilled through a supplementary “tool”, the Receding Horizon Control (RHC) structure. This paper addresses a particular case and integrates Evolutionary Algorithms into the RHC structure. The main objective is to propose a general harmonization between the Controller of the closed loop and the Evolutionary Algorithm. Some details concerning the implementation of the closed loop and Controller are described. The impact of the RHC’s prediction technique upon the control sequences’ encoding is also analyzed. Two general structure Controllers are proposed, one of them conceived to cope with restrictive time constraints. Practical ideas have been illustrated through a case study: the well-known optimal control of a fed-batch reactor for ethanol production. This time, our implementation achieves a closed-loop solution. The results from the programs and simulation series validate the Controllers, EAs, and the closed-loop structure. Generally speaking, the association between RHC and EA can be a realistic solution to optimal process control.

ACS Style

Viorel Minzu; Saïd Riahi; Eugen Rusu. Implementation Aspects Regarding Closed-Loop Control Systems Using Evolutionary Algorithms. Inventions 2021, 6, 53 .

AMA Style

Viorel Minzu, Saïd Riahi, Eugen Rusu. Implementation Aspects Regarding Closed-Loop Control Systems Using Evolutionary Algorithms. Inventions. 2021; 6 (3):53.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Viorel Minzu; Saïd Riahi; Eugen Rusu. 2021. "Implementation Aspects Regarding Closed-Loop Control Systems Using Evolutionary Algorithms." Inventions 6, no. 3: 53.

Journal article
Published: 28 June 2021 in Inventions
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Traditionally and socially, the tourism in Constanta is considered to be important to the local economy. Sun and beach locations are both a draw for locals and tourists to the city, on the Black Sea. However, vacation-oriented activities in the city only have a seasonal cycle. In this paper, we proposed to analyze the mass tourist activity in Constanta, taking into account economic, social, and environmental conditions. Additionally, we attempted to build a model based on the data available. The model was developed using a PESTEL analysis to determine the supportability factor of the indicators identified. We also set out to create a projection of the activities proposed for analysis by 2050. To create a model for coastal areas, the data used in this research must be accurate and consistent. Furthermore, correctly identifying indicators and their relationships is a critical step in conducting a thorough study. Last but not least, finding the calculation coefficient for the activity in question is critical, as collecting data from various activities might be challenging when trying to find a feasible model.

ACS Style

Catalin Anton; Angela-Eliza Micu; Eugen Rusu. Multi-Criteria Analysis of the Mass Tourism Management Model Related to the Impact on the Local Community in Constanta City (Romania). Inventions 2021, 6, 46 .

AMA Style

Catalin Anton, Angela-Eliza Micu, Eugen Rusu. Multi-Criteria Analysis of the Mass Tourism Management Model Related to the Impact on the Local Community in Constanta City (Romania). Inventions. 2021; 6 (3):46.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Catalin Anton; Angela-Eliza Micu; Eugen Rusu. 2021. "Multi-Criteria Analysis of the Mass Tourism Management Model Related to the Impact on the Local Community in Constanta City (Romania)." Inventions 6, no. 3: 46.

Short communication
Published: 07 June 2021 in Energy Reports
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Overcome by the increasing energy demands nowadays and the limited traditional resources, the foremost objective of the proposed study is to evaluate the efficiency of a floating wind farm operating in the coastal environment of the western Black Sea. Since coastal erosion has become a matter of urgent concern during the last decades and many states in the EU (European Union) consider the issue of coastal protection to be of utmost national importance, this study aims to reveal the positive effects such project might provide to the coastal area of Romania. Due to significant decrease of sediments from the Danube basin to the coast in the north along with the extensive development of tourist resorts, especially in the southern part, the erosion process has become more explicit, posing a severe threat primarily on the population living within an area of tens of kilometres from the coast. To provide a better overview of the principal wave patterns in the targeted area, the ERA5 dataset has been considered for the evaluation of the wave power for the 40-year period (1979–2018) for two reference points located in the proximity of the target area. Four scenarios for the simulations were carried out with a computational structure that combines a circulation model with a wave model. A generic wind farm was defined in the computational domain, taking into consideration steadily increasing distances from the shoreline: 4, 6 and 8 km. Firstly, taking into account the local wave patterns, and three-wave parameters — the significant wave height, the mean wave height and direction, the down-wave effect of the farm was evaluated. Secondly, the influence of the generic farm on the longshore currents was also assessed. The concluding results suggest that if such a project is to be taken into consideration, it would not only provide valuable renewable energy, but it would also guarantee adequate coastal protection by reducing the impact of waves and intensify resilience to terrible weather.

ACS Style

Alina Girleanu; Florin Onea; Eugen Rusu. The efficiency and coastal protection provided by a floating wind farm operating in the Romanian nearshore. Energy Reports 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Alina Girleanu, Florin Onea, Eugen Rusu. The efficiency and coastal protection provided by a floating wind farm operating in the Romanian nearshore. Energy Reports. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alina Girleanu; Florin Onea; Eugen Rusu. 2021. "The efficiency and coastal protection provided by a floating wind farm operating in the Romanian nearshore." Energy Reports , no. : 1.

Short communication
Published: 07 June 2021 in Energy Reports
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The objective of the present work is to assess the wave power in the North Sea in the vicinity of the most relevant wind farms that are operating there. At this moment, the coastal environment of the North Sea is among the most significant areas in the world from the point of view of harvesting marine renewable energy. Furthermore, this area is also very relevant for offshore activities related to oil and gas extraction. From this perspective, its coastal environment would be a perfect candidate for the implementation of the wave projects, which would benefit from existing infrastructure. The ERA5 dataset has been considered for the evaluation of the wave power for the 30-year period (1989–2018). 10 reference points have been defined in the coastal environment of the sea covering the most relevant locations and for them, the mean wave power has been first assessed. After this, the seasonal and monthly variability of the wave power have been also evaluated together with some statistical parameters. The results show that the northern part of the sea has relatively significant wave energy resources and it can be a viable candidate for implementation of the future wave projects. However, the linear trends indicate a slight tendency of decrease of the wave power, but on the other hand, the coefficient of resource variation has small values. Finally, a comparison with the satellite data provided by the European Space Agency is also carried out for the 27-year period 1992-2018. While in general there is a very good concordance between the two datasets, for the reference points located in the north-eastern part of the sea, which are the most resourceful locations, the satellite data indicate higher values.

ACS Style

Eugen Rusu; Liliana Rusu. An evaluation of the wave energy resources in the proximity of the wind farms operating in the North Sea. Energy Reports 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Eugen Rusu, Liliana Rusu. An evaluation of the wave energy resources in the proximity of the wind farms operating in the North Sea. Energy Reports. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eugen Rusu; Liliana Rusu. 2021. "An evaluation of the wave energy resources in the proximity of the wind farms operating in the North Sea." Energy Reports , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 06 June 2021 in Processes
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The world has a target of achieving 100% renewable energy by the end of the century. This paper presents a case study to establish a new floating photovoltaic park (FPV) in Egyptian dams. In Egypt, two hydroelectric dams, namely High Dam and Aswan Reservoir, together produce 2.65 GW in the Upper-Egypt region. The addition of 5 MW FPV for each dam is simulated using the Helioscope software application. A comparison between the performance of the dams with and without adding the FPV is presented in terms of the evaporation rate and total produced energy. A comparison between different types of FPV, namely polycrystalline, thin film and mono-crystalline in the two dams are also presented. The results show that installing FPV in the Egyptian dams will drive the dams to better performance in terms of carbon dioxide reduction, water-saving from reducing evaporation and increasing hydropower generation.

ACS Style

Nagananthini Ravichandran; Hady Fayek; Eugen Rusu. Emerging Floating Photovoltaic System—Case Studies High Dam and Aswan Reservoir in Egypt. Processes 2021, 9, 1005 .

AMA Style

Nagananthini Ravichandran, Hady Fayek, Eugen Rusu. Emerging Floating Photovoltaic System—Case Studies High Dam and Aswan Reservoir in Egypt. Processes. 2021; 9 (6):1005.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nagananthini Ravichandran; Hady Fayek; Eugen Rusu. 2021. "Emerging Floating Photovoltaic System—Case Studies High Dam and Aswan Reservoir in Egypt." Processes 9, no. 6: 1005.

Journal article
Published: 04 June 2021 in Inventions
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The present work aims to provide a comprehensive picture of the wind energy potential that characterizes the Romanian coastal environment using in situ measurements and reanalysis of wind data (ERA5) that cover a 42–year time interval (1979–2020). A total of 16 reference points (both land and offshore) equally distributed along the Romanian sector are used to evaluate the local wind energy potential, targeting in this way several sites where a renewable wind project could be established. Compared to the in situ measurements (land points), the ERA5 dataset underestimates the wind speed by at least 11.57%, this value increasing as we approach the coastline. From the analysis of the spatial maps, it is likely that the wind speed steadily increases from onshore to offshore, with a sharp variation near the coastline being reported. Furthermore, the assessment of some state-of-the-art offshore wind turbines was conducted using 12 systems defined by rated capacity ranging from 2 to 10 MW. Some scenarios were proposed to identify sustainable offshore wind projects to be implemented in the Romanian coastal zone based on these results.

ACS Style

Alina Girleanu; Florin Onea; Eugen Rusu. Assessment of the Wind Energy Potential along the Romanian Coastal Zone. Inventions 2021, 6, 41 .

AMA Style

Alina Girleanu, Florin Onea, Eugen Rusu. Assessment of the Wind Energy Potential along the Romanian Coastal Zone. Inventions. 2021; 6 (2):41.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alina Girleanu; Florin Onea; Eugen Rusu. 2021. "Assessment of the Wind Energy Potential along the Romanian Coastal Zone." Inventions 6, no. 2: 41.

Conference paper
Published: 01 June 2021 in International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION
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The paper proposes an analysis of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) features that enable them to support naval operations in general, but the focus drawn to the Black Sea basin peculiarities in particular. In the introductory part, the authors succinctly present the Black Sea basin’s physical and strategic characteristics. Then, follows a description of UAVs features and potential missions conducted by these types of robots. In the next section, the article presents the uninhabited aerial vehicle classification and system components. The last chapter analyses the efficiencies and vulnerabilities of these vehicles. The closing section gives some short conclusions regarding the suitability of using such assets to support naval operations and a few further research directions..

ACS Style

Valerian Novac; Eugen Rusu. UAVs Support to Naval Operations. International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 2021, 27, 70 -76.

AMA Style

Valerian Novac, Eugen Rusu. UAVs Support to Naval Operations. International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION. 2021; 27 (3):70-76.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Valerian Novac; Eugen Rusu. 2021. "UAVs Support to Naval Operations." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 27, no. 3: 70-76.

Journal article
Published: 15 May 2021 in Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
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The European offshore wind market is continuously expanding. This means that, together with significant technological developments, new coastal environments should be considered for the implementation of the wind farms, as is the case of the Black Sea, which is targeted in the present work. From this perspective, an overview of the wind energy potential in the Romanian exclusive economic zone (EEZ) in the Black Sea is presented in this work. This is made by analyzing a total of 20 years of wind data (corresponding to the time interval 2000–2019) coming from different sources, which include ERA5 reanalysis data and satellite measurements. Furthermore, a direct comparison between these datasets was also carried out. Finally, the results of the present work indicate that the Romanian offshore areas can replicate the success reported by the onshore wind projects, of which we can mention the Fantanele-Cogealac wind farm with an operating capacity of 600 MW.

ACS Style

Florin Onea; Eugen Rusu; Liliana Rusu. Assessment of the Offshore Wind Energy Potential in the Romanian Exclusive Economic Zone. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2021, 9, 531 .

AMA Style

Florin Onea, Eugen Rusu, Liliana Rusu. Assessment of the Offshore Wind Energy Potential in the Romanian Exclusive Economic Zone. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2021; 9 (5):531.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Florin Onea; Eugen Rusu; Liliana Rusu. 2021. "Assessment of the Offshore Wind Energy Potential in the Romanian Exclusive Economic Zone." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 5: 531.

Journal article
Published: 09 May 2021 in Inventions
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A particularity of island areas is that they are subjected to strong sea state conditions that can have a severe impact on the beach stability, while on the other hand, they rely mainly on diesel combustion for electricity production which in the long run is not a sustainable solution. The aim of this work is to tackle these two issues, by assessing the impact of a hybrid marine energy farm that may operate near the north-western part of Giglio Island in the Mediterranean Sea. As a first step, the most relevant environmental conditions (wind and waves) over a 27-year time interval (January 1992–December 2018) were identified considering data coming from both ERA5 and the European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative for Sea State. An overview of the electricity production was made by considering some offshore wind turbines, the results showing that even during the summertime when there is a peak demand (but low wind resources), the demand can be fully covered by five wind turbines defined each by a rated power of 6 MW. The main objective of this work is to assess the coastal impact induced by a marine energy farm, and for this reason, various layouts obtained by varying the number of lines (one or two) and the distance between the devices were proposed. The modelling system considered has been already calibrated in the target area for this type of study while the selected device is defined by a relatively low absorption property. The dynamics of various wave parameters has been analysed, including significant wave height, but also parameters related to the breaking mechanics, and longshore currents. It was noticed that although the target area is naturally protected by the dominant waves that are coming from the south-western sector, it is possible to occur extreme waves coming from the north-west during the wintertime that can be efficiently attenuated by the presence of the marine energy farm.

ACS Style

Liliana Rusu; Florin Onea; Eugen Rusu. The Expected Impact of Marine Energy Farms Operating in Island Environments with Mild Wave Energy Resources—A Case Study in the Mediterranean Sea. Inventions 2021, 6, 33 .

AMA Style

Liliana Rusu, Florin Onea, Eugen Rusu. The Expected Impact of Marine Energy Farms Operating in Island Environments with Mild Wave Energy Resources—A Case Study in the Mediterranean Sea. Inventions. 2021; 6 (2):33.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liliana Rusu; Florin Onea; Eugen Rusu. 2021. "The Expected Impact of Marine Energy Farms Operating in Island Environments with Mild Wave Energy Resources—A Case Study in the Mediterranean Sea." Inventions 6, no. 2: 33.

Journal article
Published: 02 April 2021 in Energies
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Identifying a modeling procedure of biomass thermal decomposition that is not only simple enough to implement and use, and computationally efficient, but also sufficiently accurate for engineering design activities, and with a spectrum of applications as broad as possible is a very difficult task. The authors propose a procedure which consists of two main stages: (a) the static modeling phase with the purpose of generating the algorithm (macro functions) that supplies a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model with specific input data (source/sink terms and local material properties) and (b) the dynamic modeling phase, where the CFD model is bi-directionally coupled to the external biomass decomposition model in the form of a User-Defined Function (UDF). The modeling approach was successfully validated against data obtained from single particle decomposition experiments, demonstrating its applicability even to large biomass particles, under high heating rates and combusting conditions.

ACS Style

Ion Ion; Florin Popescu; Razvan Mahu; Eugen Rusu. A Numerical Model of Biomass Combustion Physical and Chemical Processes. Energies 2021, 14, 1978 .

AMA Style

Ion Ion, Florin Popescu, Razvan Mahu, Eugen Rusu. A Numerical Model of Biomass Combustion Physical and Chemical Processes. Energies. 2021; 14 (7):1978.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ion Ion; Florin Popescu; Razvan Mahu; Eugen Rusu. 2021. "A Numerical Model of Biomass Combustion Physical and Chemical Processes." Energies 14, no. 7: 1978.

Journal article
Published: 16 March 2021 in Applied Sciences
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The ultraviolet water disinfection process has numerous advantages in comparison with other water treatments. This study deals with this process’s optimal control and presents all its stages, from problem statement to analysis of results. We consider a typical disinfection water system and data presented in the literature. In this case, the control inputs are the water flow rate and the UV light intensity. A nonlinear dynamic model for the UV disinfection system is constructed and generates a method to calculate the bacterial reduction. An optimal control problem (OCP) is stated using the dynamic model and two optimal criteria: the disinfection and energy criterion. The optimal solutions are yielded by a metaheuristic algorithm based on hybrid topology particle swarm optimization. The algorithm determines the optimal flow rate and light intensity for an imposed bacterial reduction. The implemented program was carried out for a wide range of input values for comprehensive analysis. The analysis of the results establishes when an optimal solution exists and the extent to which the disinfection or energy criterion is fulfilled. The method to calculate the bacterial reduction, OCP statement, optimization algorithm, and results’ analysis may be considered findings of this work.

ACS Style

Viorel Minzu; Saïd Riahi; Eugen Rusu. Optimal Control of an Ultraviolet Water Disinfection System. Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 2638 .

AMA Style

Viorel Minzu, Saïd Riahi, Eugen Rusu. Optimal Control of an Ultraviolet Water Disinfection System. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (6):2638.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Viorel Minzu; Saïd Riahi; Eugen Rusu. 2021. "Optimal Control of an Ultraviolet Water Disinfection System." Applied Sciences 11, no. 6: 2638.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2021 in Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
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The aim of the present work is to identify the expected nearshore and offshore impact of a marine energy farm that would be implemented in the coastal environment of Portugal. Several layouts of Wave Dragon devices were considered, the distance between each system being gradually adjusted. By processing 27–years of combined wave data coming from the European Space Agency and ERA5, the most relevant conditions have been identified. The centre of each farm layout was set to approximately 3.5 km from the coast, where a more significant attenuation of wave heights in the middle of the target area was noticed, which can go up to 16% in the case of extreme events. From the analysis of the longshore currents, it was noticed that even an arrow farm layout defined by five systems may have a significant impact, by changing the peak or by smoothing the currents profile. Wave energy is an emerging renewable sector that can also contribute tocoastal protection and, therefore, the Portuguese coast represents a suitable candidate for this type of project.

ACS Style

Florin Onea; Liliana Rusu; Gabriel Carp; Eugen Rusu. Wave Farms Impact on the Coastal Processes—A Case Study Area in the Portuguese Nearshore. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2021, 9, 262 .

AMA Style

Florin Onea, Liliana Rusu, Gabriel Carp, Eugen Rusu. Wave Farms Impact on the Coastal Processes—A Case Study Area in the Portuguese Nearshore. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2021; 9 (3):262.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Florin Onea; Liliana Rusu; Gabriel Carp; Eugen Rusu. 2021. "Wave Farms Impact on the Coastal Processes—A Case Study Area in the Portuguese Nearshore." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 3: 262.

Journal article
Published: 12 January 2021 in Energies
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There is an increasing necessity in reducing CO2 emissions and implementing clean energy technologies, and over the years the marine environment has shown a huge potential in terms of renewable energy. From this perspective, extracting marine renewable energy represents one of the most important technological challenges of the 21st century. In this context, the objective of the present work is to provide a new and comprehensive understanding concerning the global wave energy resources based on the most recent results coming from two different databases, ERA5 and the European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative for Sea State. In this study, an analysis was first made based only on the ERA5 data and concerns the 30-year period of 1989–2018. The mean wave power, defined as the energy flux per unit of wave-crest length, was evaluated at this step. Besides the spatial distribution of this parameter, its seasonal, inter, and mean annual variability was also assessed on a global scale. As a second step, the mean wave energy density per unit horizontal area was analyzed for a 27-year period (1992–2018) with both ERA5 and the satellite data from the European Space Agency being considered. The comparison indicates a relatively good concordance between the results provided by the two databases in terms of mean wave energy density, although the satellite data indicate slightly higher energy values.

ACS Style

Liliana Rusu; Eugen Rusu. Evaluation of the Worldwide Wave Energy Distribution Based on ERA5 Data and Altimeter Measurements. Energies 2021, 14, 394 .

AMA Style

Liliana Rusu, Eugen Rusu. Evaluation of the Worldwide Wave Energy Distribution Based on ERA5 Data and Altimeter Measurements. Energies. 2021; 14 (2):394.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liliana Rusu; Eugen Rusu. 2021. "Evaluation of the Worldwide Wave Energy Distribution Based on ERA5 Data and Altimeter Measurements." Energies 14, no. 2: 394.

Journal article
Published: 26 November 2020 in Energies
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The numerical simulation of biomass combustion requires a model that must contain, on one hand, sub-models for biomass conversion to primary products, which involves calculations for heat transfer, biomass decomposition rate, product fractions, chemical composition, and material properties, and on the other hand, sub-models for volatile products transport inside and outside of the biomass particle, their combustion, and the char reduction/oxidation. Creating such a complete mathematical model is particularly challenging; therefore, the present study proposes a versatile alternative—an originally formulated generalized 3D biomass decomposition model designed to be efficiently integrated with existing CFD technology. The biomass decomposition model provides the chemical composition and mixture fractions of volatile products and char at the cell level, while the heat transfer, species transport, and chemical reaction calculations are to be handled by the CFD software. The combustion model has two separate units: the static modeling that produces a macro function returning source/sink terms and local material properties, and the dynamic modeling that tightly couples the first unit output with the CFD environment independently of the initial biomass composition, using main component fractions as initial data. This article introduces the generalized 3D biomass decomposition model formulation and some aspects related to the CFD framework implementation, while the numerical modeling and testing shall be presented in a second article.

ACS Style

Florin Popescu; Razvan Mahu; Ion V. Ion; Eugen Rusu. A Mathematical Model of Biomass Combustion Physical and Chemical Processes. Energies 2020, 13, 6232 .

AMA Style

Florin Popescu, Razvan Mahu, Ion V. Ion, Eugen Rusu. A Mathematical Model of Biomass Combustion Physical and Chemical Processes. Energies. 2020; 13 (23):6232.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Florin Popescu; Razvan Mahu; Ion V. Ion; Eugen Rusu. 2020. "A Mathematical Model of Biomass Combustion Physical and Chemical Processes." Energies 13, no. 23: 6232.

Journal article
Published: 24 November 2020 in Applied Sciences
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The present work is focused on the analysis of flood scenarios for the settlements near the Danube discharge area into the Black Sea. From this perspective, the aim of the research is the development of flood extension maps for localities in the Danube Delta. The emphasis is on collecting the data and information needed for the entire analysis process, such as hydrological data on Danube flows and water levels (which were analyzed for 51 years), topo-bathymetric data (where 1685 cross sections were processed, measured on an 87-km section of the Danube), a digital terrain model (DTM), and others. Two methods of flood scenario analysis for the localities targeted were used in this paper. The first method was an analysis of the flood scenarios by modeling a real scenario, where it was supposed that a 20 m breach appeared in the dam which protects the localities and remained present for 24 h. The second method consisted of a Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis (static from a hydraulic point of view), where the maximum water level was superimposed over the DTM. This corresponded to a scenario in which the breach in the flood-control levee remains present for a longer period. The validated results show that the dynamic method is more efficient than the static method, both in terms of estimated flooded surfaces and in terms of simulation accuracy (taking into account more input parameters than the static method). Thus, from the obtained simulations it was observed that applying the dynamic method resulted in smaller flooded surfaces in the settlements analyzed than when considering the static method. In some cases, the differences between the flooded surfaces reached up to about 22%. This information is important and of general interest since it can be used in various fields of work, such as flood defense strategies, and investment promotion activities in the Danube discharge area or similar locations.

ACS Style

Alexandru Banescu; Maxim Arseni; Lucian Puiu Georgescu; Eugen Rusu; Catalina Iticescu. Evaluation of Different Simulation Methods for Analyzing Flood Scenarios in the Danube Delta. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 8327 .

AMA Style

Alexandru Banescu, Maxim Arseni, Lucian Puiu Georgescu, Eugen Rusu, Catalina Iticescu. Evaluation of Different Simulation Methods for Analyzing Flood Scenarios in the Danube Delta. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (23):8327.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alexandru Banescu; Maxim Arseni; Lucian Puiu Georgescu; Eugen Rusu; Catalina Iticescu. 2020. "Evaluation of Different Simulation Methods for Analyzing Flood Scenarios in the Danube Delta." Applied Sciences 10, no. 23: 8327.

Journal article
Published: 16 September 2020 in Energies
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The objective of the present study is to show a comprehensive assessment of the wind resource dynamics along the Spanish coastal environment of the Iberian Peninsula. After studying the historical resources (reported at 100 m height) for the 20-year period from 1999 to 2018 by analyzing the ERA5 time series of wind speed data, the 10 locations with highest historical wind resources are considered. For these, the study of the future dynamics for the 30-year period from 2021 to 2050 under the climate change scenario RCP 4.5 is carried out. After further selection, mean and maximum values, as well as the seasonal and monthly variability of the wind power density, are obtained for six locations along the Spanish coasts. Furthermore, a performance and economic dynamics assessment is presented for four different wind turbine technologies with rated capacities ranging between 3 and 9.5 MW. A further comparison with other locations in the Baltic Sea and the Black Sea is presented to provide a critical image of the Spanish wind resources dynamics in the European framework. The results indicate a noticeable gain of wind resources in various locations of the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts, with others presenting slight losses.

ACS Style

Andrés Ruiz; Florin Onea; Eugen Rusu. Study Concerning the Expected Dynamics of the Wind Energy Resources in the Iberian Nearshore. Energies 2020, 13, 4832 .

AMA Style

Andrés Ruiz, Florin Onea, Eugen Rusu. Study Concerning the Expected Dynamics of the Wind Energy Resources in the Iberian Nearshore. Energies. 2020; 13 (18):4832.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrés Ruiz; Florin Onea; Eugen Rusu. 2020. "Study Concerning the Expected Dynamics of the Wind Energy Resources in the Iberian Nearshore." Energies 13, no. 18: 4832.

Journal article
Published: 02 August 2020 in Energies
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The main objective of the present work is to provide a comprehensive picture of the wind conditions in the Spanish continental nearshore considering a state-of-the-art wind dataset. In order to do this, the ERA5 wind data, covering the 20-year time interval from 1999 to 2018, was processed and evaluated. ERA stands for 'ECMWF Re-Analysis' and refers to a series of research projects at ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) which produced various datasets. In addition to the analysis of the wind resources (reported for a 100 m height), the performances of several wind turbines, ranging from 3 to 9.5 MW, were evaluated. From the analysis of the spatial maps it was observed that the Northern part of this region presents significant wind resources, the mean wind speed values exceeding 9 m/s in some locations. On the other hand, in regard to the Southern sector, more energetic conditions are visible close to the Strait of Gibraltar and to the Gulf of Lion. Nevertheless, from the analysis of the data corresponding to these two Southern nearshore points it was observed that the average wind speed was lower than 8 m/s in both summer and winter months. Regarding the considered wind turbines, the capacity factor did in general not exceed 20%—however, we did observe some peaks that could reach to 30%. Finally, it can be highlighted that the Northern part of the Spanish continental nearshore is significant from the perspective of extracting offshore wind energy, especially considering the technologies based on floating platforms. Furthermore, because of the clear synergy between wind and wave energy, which are characteristic to this coastal environment, an important conclusion of the present work is that the implementation of joint wind–wave projects might be effective in the Northwestern side of the Iberian nearshore.

ACS Style

Florin Onea; Andrés Ruiz; Eugen Rusu. An Evaluation of the Wind Energy Resources along the Spanish Continental Nearshore. Energies 2020, 13, 3986 .

AMA Style

Florin Onea, Andrés Ruiz, Eugen Rusu. An Evaluation of the Wind Energy Resources along the Spanish Continental Nearshore. Energies. 2020; 13 (15):3986.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Florin Onea; Andrés Ruiz; Eugen Rusu. 2020. "An Evaluation of the Wind Energy Resources along the Spanish Continental Nearshore." Energies 13, no. 15: 3986.

Conference paper
Published: 24 July 2020 in E3S Web of Conferences
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The Black Sea, due to its weak exchange of waters and poor vertical circulation, has an increased sensibility to pollution. Even though this maritime basin is subject to numerous regulations at the national, regional, and international levels, the pollution issue is still actual and stringent. The present paper analyses the findings of three studies focused on marine litter issues and provide, in the concluding part, few directions which can improve the pollution prevention and containment effort. As the studies related to Black Sea litter pollution are scarce and fragmented, the authors took the opportunity and analyzed three different studies conducted in different periods and concluded that a significant part of marine debris is related to naval operations.

ACS Style

Valerian Novac; Luminiţa Moraru; Carmen Gasparotti; Eugen Rusu. Black sea marine litter pollution related to naval operations. E3S Web of Conferences 2020, 180, 04018 .

AMA Style

Valerian Novac, Luminiţa Moraru, Carmen Gasparotti, Eugen Rusu. Black sea marine litter pollution related to naval operations. E3S Web of Conferences. 2020; 180 ():04018.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Valerian Novac; Luminiţa Moraru; Carmen Gasparotti; Eugen Rusu. 2020. "Black sea marine litter pollution related to naval operations." E3S Web of Conferences 180, no. : 04018.

Journal article
Published: 23 July 2020 in Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
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Considering the current concerns regarding the level of air pollution from the Black Sea area, the aim of the present work is to establish whether a cold ironing project that involves the use of the wind resources from the port of Constanta (Romania) could become a reality. The regional and local wind resources measured at a height of 100 m above sea level were assessed by taking into account 20 years (2000–2019) of ERA5 wind data. The wind speed significantly increases as we move towards the offshore areas, with the wind Class C7 reporting a maximum of 41%. By combining the annual electricity production with the emissions associated with the port activities, it was possible to show that at least 385 turbines (each rated at eight MW) will be required to cover the electricity demand for this port. The present study has found it difficult to implement such a project based only on the available wind resources and has identified that more likely a mixed project that involves some other resources will be more appropriate. Finally, it is worth mentioning that the future of the ship industry is becoming greener and definitely, a wind project located near Constanta harbour will represent a viable solution in this direction.

ACS Style

Alina Beatrice Raileanu; Florin Onea; Eugen Rusu. Implementation of Offshore Wind Turbines to Reduce Air Pollution in Coastal Areas—Case Study Constanta Harbour in the Black Sea. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2020, 8, 550 .

AMA Style

Alina Beatrice Raileanu, Florin Onea, Eugen Rusu. Implementation of Offshore Wind Turbines to Reduce Air Pollution in Coastal Areas—Case Study Constanta Harbour in the Black Sea. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2020; 8 (8):550.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alina Beatrice Raileanu; Florin Onea; Eugen Rusu. 2020. "Implementation of Offshore Wind Turbines to Reduce Air Pollution in Coastal Areas—Case Study Constanta Harbour in the Black Sea." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 8: 550.