In the context of a changing environment, understanding the interaction between vegetation and climate is crucial for assessing, predicting, and adapting to future changes in different vegetation types. Vegetation exhibits high sensitivity to external environmental factors, making this understanding particularly significant. This study utilizes geospatial analysis techniques, such as geographic information systems, to investigate vegetation dynamics based on remote sensing data and climatic variables, including annual air temperature, annual precipitation, and annual solar radiation. The research methodology encompasses data collection, processing, and analysis, incorporating multispectral imagery and multilayered maps of various parameters. The calculation of the normalized difference vegetation index serves to evaluate changes in vegetation cover, identify areas experiencing variations in green biomass, and establish strategies for the future development of different vegetation types. During the period from 2001 to 2022, the average normalized difference vegetation index value in the Southeastern Crimea region amounted to 0.443. The highest average values were recorded in the year 2006, reaching a magnitude of 0.469. Conversely, the lowest values were observed in the years 2001–2002, constituting 0.397. It has been ascertained that an overarching positive trend in the evolution of NDVI values from 2001 to 2022 is apparent, thus implying a notable augmentation in vegetative biomass. However, adversarial trends manifest in discrete locales adjacent to the cities of Sudak and Feodosia, along with the coastal stretches of the Black Sea. Correlation analysis is employed to establish relationships between vegetation changes and climatic indicators. The findings contribute to our understanding of the vulnerability of various vegetation types and ecosystems in the Southeastern Crimea region. The obtained data provide valuable insights for the development of sustainable vegetation resource management strategies and climate change adaptation in the region.

Objectives: The objectives of this research include assessing the concentrations of heavy metals and trace elements in the Fatala River basin (Republic of Guinea), identifying the primary sources of these pollutants, analyzing their migration patterns, evaluating the ecological and health impacts, and contributing to the development of effective pollution mitigation strategies. The theoretical framework is grounded in understanding the anthropogenic impact on soil, the role of soil as a natural filter, the associated health risks, and the application of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for detailed pollution analysis. Theoretical Framework: Pollution from heavy metals and trace elements presents a significant threat to environmental health, a situation that has been exacerbated with the expansion of mining and industrial activities. Despite advancements in technology aimed at reducing soil contamination, many regions, particularly in developing countries, continue to experience unchecked pollution due to the lack of environmental safeguards. This study focuses on the Fatala River basin in the Republic of Guinea, a region heavily impacted by extensive mining activities and the growth of the population and settlements, which have led to the accumulation of heavy metals and trace elements in the soil. Methods: In the analysis of soil samples collected from the river basin, the determination of heavy metal and trace element content was performed using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer, specifically the PlasmaQuant MS Elite S-NR:11-6000ST043 instrument. The spatial distribution of these elements within the river basin was mapped using ArcGIS 10.8 software.To create a comprehensive representation of the distribution, mathematical interpolation of the values was carried out using the Interpolation tool (Spatial Analyst Tools) within ArcGIS 10.8. The inverse distance weighted (IDW) technique was employed for this purpose. To assess the extent and severity of soil contamination by heavy metals and trace elements in the study area, three key parameters were calculated: the hazard coefficient Ko, the concentration coefficient (Kc), and the total pollution index. These values provide a quantitative measure of the contamination levels and associated risks in the region. Results and discussion: The analysis indicates that the concentrations of certain elements, such as silver (Ag), arsenic (As), beryllium (Be), cadmium (Cd), and selenium (Se), significantly exceed regulatory limits, posing a serious threat to the health of the population and the ecosystem of the river basin as a whole. The research categorized elements into four groups based on their hazard levels, ranging from those within acceptable concentration limits to those significantly exceeding them. Cadmium (Cd) is highlighted for its concentrations, which in some instances are 14 times above the standard limits. It also emphasizes the importance of further studies to identify the origins and assess the effects of selenium (Se), silver (Ag), and cadmium (Cd) on the river basin's ecosystem. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of developing strategies to reduce the harmful effects of pollutants, including the implementation of a system for regulating concentrations and measures for land reclamation. Implications of the research: a map of the total pollution index of the Fatala river basin was constructed. It was revealed that most of the territory belongs to the moderately dangerous pollution category, which is characterized by an increase in the overall morbidity rate. Originality/value: The authors stress the importance of conducting additional research, implementing a system for normalizing pollutant concentrations, and developing measures to reduce the detrimental impact of pollution on the environment and public health. This study serves as a valuable contribution to understanding the environmental implications of heavy metal and trace element pollution in the Fatala River basin and highlights the need for ongoing efforts to address this issue.

This article discusses the processes of moisture intake, redistribution, and consumption within the downy oak forest community, along with their interannual and interseasonal water balance dynamics. The study of the water balance components was conducted using a combination of field research methods and geoinformation modeling on the territory of the Karadag landscape and ecological station of the Karadag Nature Reserve for the period from 2010 to 2020. The study of the water balance of downy oak forests located at the furthest extent of their range represents an important problem, whose solution will further scientific understanding by uncovering individual patterns of the internal organization of such systems. The indicators having the most tangible impact on the water balance are the amount of precipitation and evapotranspiration. The average annual precipitation on the territory of Karadag for the analyzed period was 448 mm; in recent years, a decrease in the amount of precipitation has been recorded. The evapotranspiration values within the downy oak forests approximately coincide with the values of this indicator in the Mediterranean region to average 450 mm per year. The influence of stemflow and relief features on the redistribution of moisture within the landscape is described. The analyzed water balance components’ dynamics form conditions conducive to the displacement of steppe communities by forest species.

This article presents the findings of a research endeavor focused on the diurnal and seasonal dynamics of heat balance and its constituent elements within an oak forest situated in the expanse of the Karadag Nature Reserve. Computed are the values corresponding to the elements of heat balance, encompassing radiation balance, latent heat fluxes corresponding to heat consumption for evaporation, turbulent heat exchange transpiring within the atmosphere, and heat flux coursing through the soil. The features of changes in the heat balance in two key areas are considered: in the zone of growth of the downy oak forest in an open area and in the forest itself. The study discloses patterns characterizing the apportionment of radiation balance into heat and energetic fluxes within the context of the downy oak landscapes native to the southeastern Crimea. Scrutiny of the data established that a substantial proportion of radiation balance finds application in propelling turbulent heat flux, while a minor share is channeled into processes of evaporation and soil heat flux. Evidenced is that the magnitudes of heat balance components, encompassing radiation balance, latent heat fluxes corresponding to heat consumption for evaporation, turbulent heat exchange transpiring within the atmosphere, and heat flux through the soil within the sub-canopy realm, undergo modifications contingent upon the seasons of the year and the vegetative phases of the downy oak forest. The correlation between air temperature and the constituents of heat balance is subject to analysis both within the confines of the territory in the zone of growth of the downy oak forest in an open area and in the forest itself. Manifest is the constancy of the influence exerted by forest vegetation upon heat balance; nevertheless, the degree of its impact is circumscribed by the cyclical dynamics of foliage upon the trees: a well-developed canopy serves to amplify the influence exerted upon the distribution of heat and energetic fluxes. This study of heat balance and its constituents assumes significance in engendering comprehension regarding the operation of downy oak landscapes that are situated on the periphery of their habitudinal range. Also, it helps to reveal deeper patterns of climate change in forest ecosystems.

This study analyzes changes in precipitation over the extended Brazilian region (10° N–40° S; 75° W–25° W) based on data from meteorological stations, reanalyses (ECMWF ERA5, NASA MERRA-2), the NOAA PREC reconstruction, and an ensemble of 32 CMIP6 models. According to weather station data and the ERA5 reanalysis for the period 1996–2025, a slight decrease in mean precipitation (P) is observed in the whole region (ΔP_{Weather station} = −44 mm/year, ΔP_ERA5 = −174 mm/year). A comparison of the periods 1996–2025 and 1940–1969 using CMIP6 ensemble also indicates a reduction in regional average precipitation (ΔP_Ave = −18 mm/year). The reanalyses show a decline in precipitation beginning approximately in the 1980s, accompanied by significant interannual and interdecadal variability associated with natural climate variability. Future projections under high radiative forcing scenarios (SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5) indicate a continued decline in average precipitation in the study region throughout the 21st century. Low forcing scenarios (SSP1-2.6 and SSP2-4.5) suggest only weak changes in average precipitation over the period 2026–2099. However, the precipitation changes are spatially heterogeneous in the study region. According to the ERA5 reanalysis (1940–2025), precipitation has increased over the northern and southern parts of the Brazilian territory, while a decrease was observed in its central portion. All CMIP6 SSP ensemble projections considered (2026–2099) indicate a decrease in precipitation in the north and an increase in the south of the Brazilian region. Moreover, with increasing radiative forcing, the reduction in precipitation in the Amazon River basin and adjacent territories will intensify.

Climate change in Crimea is characterized by spatial heterogeneity in the displacement of air temperature fields, due to the influence of regional and local factors. There are currently no works devoted to the study of the reaction of regional ecosystems to changes in air temperature in Crimea. Based on open databases of reanalysis, geoinformation modeling the results of studies of the dynamics of air temperature in the main types of ecosystems of the Mountain Crimea under conditions of climate change are presented. For each circulation epoch and period of the Northern Hemisphere, maps of average annual temperatures were obtained along the landscape contours of the Crimean Peninsula. A map of the standard deviation of temperature within the landscape contours was made. For key areas, the mean annual air temperature, standard deviation, and factorial entropy were calculated. The main regularities of air temperature dynamics in the main types of Mountain Crimea ecosystems with the change of circulation epochs and periods of the Northern Hemisphere are revealed. Based on the analysis of the dynamics of the standard deviation and factor entropy, the role of changes in air temperature in the formation of strategies for the development or stabilization of the main types of regional ecosystems in Mountain Crimea is shown.