Pergularia daemia (Forsk.) chiov., is a milk weed of Asclepiadaceae family. In the present study β-sitosterol, β-amyrin, α-amyrin and lupeol were identified in the leaf by GC-MS. Molecular docking studies were performed to evaluate their activities on phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and l-amino acid oxidase enzymes which constituted a rich source in snake venoms (Naja naja). Snake venom Phospholipase A2 with PDB code 1A3D devoid of co-crystallized ligand was extracted from Protein Data Bank. Using Molegro Virtual Docker two cavities are formed by cocrystallization. l-Amino acid oxidase (PDB code 4E0V) was a receptor model with a co-crystallized ligand FAD. Among the phytochemicals analysed, β-sitosterol displayed high affinity of binding to the active site regions of phospholipase A2 and l-amino acid oxidase, respectively. The affinity of binding was -125.939 and -157.521 kcal/mole identified by gold scores. α-Amyrin and β-amyrin had two hydrogen bond interactions with PLA2. Hence this study suggests that β-sitosterol identified in P. daemia can antagonize PLA2 and LAAO activities and forms a theoretical basis for the folk use of the plant against snake venom.

Objectives: The main aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of the sodium-glucose transport protein-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i) in type 2 diabetic patients. Methods: This was a prospective and longitudinal study conducted in a tertiary care center. During the study period, the data were collected from 200 diabetic patients, out of which 80 patients were followed up. Data collection form and informed consent were obtained from each patient. Results: Out of 200 patients, 84 (42%) were female while 114 (58%) being male aged between 50 and 70 years had a higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Dapagliflozin was administered to 54 (67.5%) of the 80 patients, while empagliflozin was administered to 26 (32.5%). A total of 32 patients receiving dapagliflozin had baseline glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values of 7.6–9.0%, followed by >9% (n=16) and 6.5–7.5% (n=6), respectively. Sixteen patients receiving empagliflozin had baseline HbA1c values of 7.6–9.0%, followed by >9 (n=8) and 6.5–7.5% (n=2). After the start of the medicine, an average of gradual reduction of HbA1c was found to be 1.47%, while the study focused on the same. Conclusion: SGLT-2i showed its action in lowering the blood glucose in patients who were adherent to the treatment regimen along with diet and exercise.

Objective: A reliable and specific LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of cabotegravir (CBTG) and rilpivirine (RLPV) in plasma samples. Methods: Chromatographic separation was achieved on a Hypersil BDS C18 (50 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) column maintained at 35 °C. The mobile phase consisted of 0.1% HCOOH, acetonitrile, and methanol in the ratio 10:80:10 (v/v/v). The injection volume was 10 µL, and the autosampler temperature was maintained at 10 °C. The retention times for RLPV, internal standard, and CBTG were 2.00, 3.20, and 5.15 min, respectively. Results: Accuracy ranged from 96.32% to 98.19% for CBTG and 95.57% to 97.00% for RLPV. The intra- and inter-day precision values were 0.39%–3.82% RSD for CBTG and 1.56%–4.55% RSD for RLPV. Mean recovery values at three QC levels were 96.14%–97.70% for CBTG and 96.06%–97.75% for RLPV. All stability assessments were within acceptance criteria. Conclusion: The method is robust for the quantitative determination of CBTG and RLPV in biological samples and is suitable for application in forensic, quality-control, bioavailability, and bioequivalence studies.