Pergularia daemia (Forsk.) chiov., is a milk weed of Asclepiadaceae family. In the present study β-sitosterol, β-amyrin, α-amyrin and lupeol were identified in the leaf by GC-MS. Molecular docking studies were performed to evaluate their activities on phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and l-amino acid oxidase enzymes which constituted a rich source in snake venoms (Naja naja). Snake venom Phospholipase A2 with PDB code 1A3D devoid of co-crystallized ligand was extracted from Protein Data Bank. Using Molegro Virtual Docker two cavities are formed by cocrystallization. l-Amino acid oxidase (PDB code 4E0V) was a receptor model with a co-crystallized ligand FAD. Among the phytochemicals analysed, β-sitosterol displayed high affinity of binding to the active site regions of phospholipase A2 and l-amino acid oxidase, respectively. The affinity of binding was -125.939 and -157.521 kcal/mole identified by gold scores. α-Amyrin and β-amyrin had two hydrogen bond interactions with PLA2. Hence this study suggests that β-sitosterol identified in P. daemia can antagonize PLA2 and LAAO activities and forms a theoretical basis for the folk use of the plant against snake venom.

Rivaroxaban (RN) is a recently developed potent oral anticoagulant. The aim of the present study envisages compatibility studies of rivaroxaban with crospovidone, sodium startch glycolate, magnesium stearate, talc, microcrystalline cellulose, aerosil, HPMC K100 M, croscarmellose sodium using Differential scanning calorimeter and FTIR spectrophotometer. DSC thermograms, of rivaroxaban and physical mixture of individual pharmaceutical excipient, exhibited the range of transition of the drug in between 224ºC and 232ºC. The FTIR graphs showed that the wave numbers of rivaroxaban, matched with all the chosen pharmaceutical excipients combinations. Thus the DSC and FTIR studies showed that RN was not interactive with selected pharmaceutical excipients and can be carried forward for further studies.

This study reports the development and optimization of a Melissa officinalis oil-based nanoemulgel for transdermal delivery using a Design-of-Experiments (DoE) approach. A Central Composite Design (CCD) was applied to optimize Tween 80 concentration and homogenization time, resulting in a nanoemulsion with a droplet size of 127.31 nm, PDI of 17.7%, and zeta potential of −25.0 mV, indicating good colloidal stability. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of functional groups such as O–H, C=O, and C–O–C, supporting the oil’s phytochemical richness and therapeutic potential. DSC analysis revealed enhanced thermal stability and successful encapsulation, while SEM imaging showed a uniform and spherical microstructure. The drug release followed Higuchi kinetics (R² = 0.900), indicating diffusion-driven release, with the Korsmeyer–Peppas model (n = 0.88) suggesting anomalous transport. Antibacterial studies showed inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus (MIC = 250 µg/mL) and Escherichia coli (MIC = 500 µg/mL). In vivo anti-inflammatory testing demonstrated significant edema reduction (p < 0.05) using a carrageenan-induced rat paw model. These results support the potential of Melissa nanoemulgel as a stable and effective topical therapeutic for inflammatory and microbial skin disorders.

Objective: To optimize Trans Dermal Patches (TDPs) of rivaroxaban using Poly Vinyl Pyrrolidone (PVP K30) and Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose E50(HPMC E50) as hydrophilic polymers, Propylene Glycol(PG) as a plasticizer, and permeation enhancer. Methods: TDPs were crafted using a solvent casting technique with a 2-level, 3-factor factorial design. These patches were assessed for thickness, folding endurance, in vitro drug release, drug content, and moisture uptake and loss. An 8-stage diffusion cell apparatus facilitated in vitro drug release testing. The independent variables were HPMC E50, PVP K30, and PG. The change in the concentration of these independent variables resulted in the optimization of the transdermal patch. The dependent variables were the thickness, folding endurance, and in vitro diffusion. Results: The patch thickness ranged from 0.311±0.3 to 0.334±0.6. Folding endurance ranged from 58±0.7 92±6. The in vitro drug release ranged from 52.36% to 95.58%. The percentage drug content ranged from 83.58±0.4 to 95.26±0.5. The percentage of moisture content absorbed ranged from 21.36±0.13% to 25.54±0.26%. The percentage of moisture lost ranged from 1.01% to 2.31%. Conclusion: PG increased the release of rivaroxaban because it permeated the membrane. HPMC E50 is highly soluble. Thus, rivaroxaban patches are potentially suitable transdermal drug delivery systems.

Sandeep Kanna, Rama Rao Nadendla, Juluri Satyanarayana, Vajrala Karthikeya, Muthumula Venkata Sonu and Pusuluri Naga Bhargavi Author informationArticle notesCopyright and License informationPDFCitations Corresponding author. Correspondence: Prof. Rama Rao Nadendla Principal and Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics, Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chalapathi Nagar, Lam-522034, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA. Email: nadendla2000@yahoo.co.in Received May 31, 2023; Revised June

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) represents a spectrum of heart muscle oxygen deprivation (ischemia) which ranges from temporary tissue damage in angina to unstable angina with possible minor cell death and finally to a full-blown heart attack (myocardial infarction) with extensive tissue necrosis. Biochemical indicators of damage to the heart muscle remain crucial in the comprehensive evaluation and management of individuals with various forms of ACS. Diagnosing ACS accurately is crucial for optimal treatment. While existing biochemical markers play a vital role, searching for an ideal biomarker continues. Biochemical markers of myocardial injury are critical for the global assessment and treatment of individuals with these syndromes. The objective of the review, is to primarily evaluate the current understanding of ACS biomarkers rather than specifically to assess which biomarkers are most promising. The review emphasizes the importance of existing biochemical markers, the ongoing search for an ideal biomarker, and how these markers are crucial for the diagnosis and management of ACS. This review examines various biochemical markers associated with atherosclerosis, including matrixins, PAPP-A metalloproteinase, myeloperoxidase, microalbuminuria, cystatin, P-selectin, glycogen phosphorylase-BB, C-reactive protein marker, cluster of differentiation 40 (CD40L) marker, creatine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB), and ischemia-modified albumin. Traditional biomarker Tn levels may not rise immediately during ischemia, but MPO levels increase earlier, aiding early ACS detection. MPO, produced during inflammation, offers predictive data surpassing troponins. IMA also rises faster than troponins, signaling myocardial ischemia before irreversible damage. hs-CRP provides insights into inflammation and cardiovascular risk, complementing troponins. MicroRNAs serve as precise biomarkers for ACS, surpassing troponins in detecting molecular changes linked to the disease. These biomarkers enhance early diagnosis and treatment. Clinically, Tn levels may not have significantly risen at the early stage of ischemia; however, other biomarkers should be considered for early detection and risk stratification. Elevated MPO and IMA levels can indicate myocardial ischemia and inflammation earlier than troponins. hs-CRP offers additional insights into systemic inflammation and cardiovascular risk. MicroRNAs provide detailed molecular data and may outperform troponins in identifying ACS, offering a more sensitive diagnostic approach. Further monitoring and treatment adjustments based on these biomarkers are advised. In conclusion, while troponins remain crucial in diagnosing ACS, novel biomarkers like MPO, IMA, hs-CRP, and microRNAs offer earlier detection and better risk assessment. These markers provide additional insights into ischemia and inflammation, improving diagnostic accuracy and patient outcomes when used alongside traditional biomarkers.