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Mr. Komlan Koudahe
Consulting Firm, Bureau of Expertise, Advice and Assistance for Development in Africa

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0 Climate Change
0 Irrigation
0 Resource Efficiency
0 Sustainable Agriculture
0 Evapotranspiration

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Review
Published: 02 June 2021 in Sustainability
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Interest in organic foods is increasing at a moment when humanity is facing a range of health challenges including the concern that some conventionally produced foods may pose possible adverse effects on human and livestock health. With the increasing human population, intensive production is increasingly trending towards high-input systems that aim to close yield gaps, increase crop yields, and develop new crop varieties with higher yield potential and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses, all within the context of incorporating specific traits to satisfy consumer demand. Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most consumed foods under different cultural diets; however, its production faces some challenges related to soilborne diseases, marketable yield and quality, sugars and dry matter content of the produced tubers, tuber content in terms of nitrate, minerals, vitamins, bioactive compounds, and antioxidants, and consumer appreciation regarding the sensory characteristics of tubers and processed products. Different studies have been investigating some of these challenges, with sometimes straightforward and sometimes conflicting results. This variability in research results indicates the general non-transferability of the results from one location to another under the same management practices in addition to differences in plant material. This review compares some characteristics of raw or boiled potato and processed products from potato tubers grown organically and conventionally. Ideally, such information may be of benefit in decision making by consumers in their dietary choices, by potato growers in their selection of crop management practices, and by scientists looking at potential areas for future research on potatoes.

ACS Style

Koffi Djaman; Soum Sanogo; Komlan Koudahe; Samuel Allen; Aminou Saibou; Samuel Essah. Characteristics of Organically Grown Compared to Conventionally Grown Potato and the Processed Products: A Review. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6289 .

AMA Style

Koffi Djaman, Soum Sanogo, Komlan Koudahe, Samuel Allen, Aminou Saibou, Samuel Essah. Characteristics of Organically Grown Compared to Conventionally Grown Potato and the Processed Products: A Review. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (11):6289.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Koffi Djaman; Soum Sanogo; Komlan Koudahe; Samuel Allen; Aminou Saibou; Samuel Essah. 2021. "Characteristics of Organically Grown Compared to Conventionally Grown Potato and the Processed Products: A Review." Sustainability 13, no. 11: 6289.

Journal article
Published: 26 February 2021 in Sustainability
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Fruit and nut trees production is an important activity across the southwest United States and this production is greatly impacted by the local climate. Temperature is the main environmental factor influencing the growth and the productivity of the fruit and nut trees as it affects the trees’ physiology and the vulnerability of flower bud, flowers, and young fruit and nut to the low temperatures or spring frost. The objective of the present study is to estimate the chilling and heat accumulation of fruit and nut trees across New Mexico. Three study sites as Fabian Garcia, Los Lunas, and Farmington were considered and climate variables were collected at hourly time step. The Utah model and the Dynamic model were used to estimate the accumulated chilling while the Forcing model was used for the heat accumulation. The possible fruit and nut trees endodormancy and ecodormancy periods were also determined at the study sites. The results obtained chilling hours of 715 ± 86.60 h at Fabian Garcia, 729.53 ± 41.71 h at Los Lunas, and 828.95 ± 83.73 h at Farmington using the Utah model. The accumulated chill portions during trees’ endodormancy was 3.12 ± 3.05 CP at Fabian Garcia, 42.23 ± 5.08 CP at Los Lunas, and 56.14 ± 1.84 CP at Farmington. The accumulated heat was 8735.52 ± 1650.91 GDH at Fabian Garcia, 7695.43 ± 212.90 GDH at Los Lunas, and 5984.69 ± 2353.20 GDH at Farmington. The fruit and nut trees are at no risk of bud flowers vulnerability at Fabian Garcia while they are under high risk of bud flowers and or young fruit and nut vulnerability to low temperatures early spring as hourly temperature can still drop below 0 °C in April at the end of ecodormancy and flower blooming and young fruits and nuts development stage at Los Lunas and Farmington. Severe weather, especially frost conditions during winter and early spring, can be a significant threat to sustainable nut and fruit production in the northern New Mexico while high chilling requirement fruit and nut trees might not meet chill requirements in the southern New Mexico.

ACS Style

Koffi Djaman; Komlan Koudahe; Murali Darapuneni; Suat Irmak. Chilling and Heat Accumulation of Fruit and Nut Trees and Flower Bud Vulnerability to Early Spring Low Temperatures in New Mexico: Meteorological Approach. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2524 .

AMA Style

Koffi Djaman, Komlan Koudahe, Murali Darapuneni, Suat Irmak. Chilling and Heat Accumulation of Fruit and Nut Trees and Flower Bud Vulnerability to Early Spring Low Temperatures in New Mexico: Meteorological Approach. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (5):2524.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Koffi Djaman; Komlan Koudahe; Murali Darapuneni; Suat Irmak. 2021. "Chilling and Heat Accumulation of Fruit and Nut Trees and Flower Bud Vulnerability to Early Spring Low Temperatures in New Mexico: Meteorological Approach." Sustainability 13, no. 5: 2524.

Review
Published: 01 February 2021 in Sustainability
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Limited water resources coupled with the increase of the human population calls for more efficient use of water in irrigated agriculture. Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most widely grown crops worldwide and is very sensitive to water stress due to its shallow rooting system. With the dilemma of potato sensitivity to drought and limited available water resources restricting crop production, researchers and crop growers have been investigating different approaches for optimizing potato yield and improving crop water use efficiency under different irrigation methods. While potato response to water is affected by other management practices such as fertilizer management, the present review is focused on the potato response to water under different environments and different irrigation methods and the impact on potato quality and potato diseases. Variable results obtained from research studies indicate the non-transferability of the results from one location to another as potato cultivars are not the same and potato breeders are still making effort to develop new high-yielding varieties to increase crop production and or develop new varieties for a specific trait to satisfy consumers exigence. This review is a valuable source of information for potato growers and scientists as it is not only focused on the impact of irrigation regimes on potato yield and water productivity as most reviews on water management, but it also presents the impact of irrigation regime on diseases in potatoes, tuber specific gravity, metabolite content of the tubers and the quality of the processed potato products.

ACS Style

Koffi Djaman; Suat Irmak; Komlan Koudahe; Samuel Allen. Irrigation Management in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Production: A Review. Sustainability 2021, 13, 1504 .

AMA Style

Koffi Djaman, Suat Irmak, Komlan Koudahe, Samuel Allen. Irrigation Management in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Production: A Review. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (3):1504.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Koffi Djaman; Suat Irmak; Komlan Koudahe; Samuel Allen. 2021. "Irrigation Management in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Production: A Review." Sustainability 13, no. 3: 1504.

Journal article
Published: 02 December 2020 in Climate
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The objective of this study is to perform trend analysis in the historic data sets of annual and crop season [May–September] precipitation and daily maximum and minimum temperatures across the southwest United States. Eighteen ground-based weather stations were considered across the southwest United States for a total period from 1902 to 2017. The non-parametric Mann–Kendall test method was used for the significance of the trend analysis and the Sen’s slope estimator was used to derive the long-term average rates of change in the parameters. The results showed a decreasing trend in annual precipitation at 44.4% of the stations with the Sen’s slopes varying from −1.35 to −0.02 mm/year while the other stations showed an increasing trend. Crop season total precipitation showed non-significant variation at most of the stations except two stations in Arizona. Seventy-five percent of the stations showed increasing trend in annual maximum temperature at the rates that varied from 0.6 to 3.1 °C per century. Air cooling varied from 0.2 to 1.0 °C per century with dominant warming phenomenon at the regional scale of the southwest United States. Average annual minimum temperature had increased at 69% of the stations at the rates that varied from 0.1 to 8 °C over the last century, while the annual temperature amplitude showed a decreasing trend at 63% of stations. Crop season maximum temperature had significant increasing trend at 68.8% of the stations at the rates varying from 0.7 to 3.5 °C per century, while the season minimum temperature had increased at 75% of the stations.

ACS Style

Koffi Djaman; Komlan Koudahe; Ansoumana Bodian; Lamine Diop; Papa Malick Ndiaye. Long-Term Trend Analysis in Annual and Seasonal Precipitation, Maximum and Minimum Temperatures in the Southwest United States. Climate 2020, 8, 142 .

AMA Style

Koffi Djaman, Komlan Koudahe, Ansoumana Bodian, Lamine Diop, Papa Malick Ndiaye. Long-Term Trend Analysis in Annual and Seasonal Precipitation, Maximum and Minimum Temperatures in the Southwest United States. Climate. 2020; 8 (12):142.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Koffi Djaman; Komlan Koudahe; Ansoumana Bodian; Lamine Diop; Papa Malick Ndiaye. 2020. "Long-Term Trend Analysis in Annual and Seasonal Precipitation, Maximum and Minimum Temperatures in the Southwest United States." Climate 8, no. 12: 142.

Journal article
Published: 13 July 2020 in Agriculture
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The highly variable weather under changing climate conditions affects the establishment and the cutoff of crop growing season and exposes crops to failure if producers choose non-adapted relative maturity that matches the characteristics of the crop growing season. This study aimed to determine the relationship between maize hybrid relative maturity and the grain yield and determine the relative maturity range that will sustain maize production in northwest New Mexico (NM). Different relative maturity maize hybrids were grown at the Agricultural Science Center at Farmington ((Latitude 36.69° North, Longitude 108.31° West, elevation 1720 m) from 2003 to 2019 under sprinkler irrigation. A total of 343 hybrids were grouped as early and full season hybrids according to their relative maturity that ranged from 93 to 119 and 64 hybrids with unknown relative maturity. The crops were grown under optimal management condition with no stress of any kind. The results showed non-significant increase in grain yield in early season hybrids and non-significant decrease in grain yield with relative maturity in full season hybrids. The relative maturity range of 100–110 obtained reasonable high grain yields and could be considered under the northwestern New Mexico climatic conditions. However, more research should target the evaluation of different planting date coupled with plant population density to determine the planting window for the early season and full season hybrids for the production optimization and sustainability.

ACS Style

Koffi Djaman; Curtis Owen; Margaret West; Samuel Allen; Komlan Koudahe; Murali Darapuneni; Michael O’Neill. Relationship between Relative Maturity and Grain Yield of Maize (Zea mays L.) Hybrids in Northwest New Mexico for the 2003–2019 Period. Agriculture 2020, 10, 290 .

AMA Style

Koffi Djaman, Curtis Owen, Margaret West, Samuel Allen, Komlan Koudahe, Murali Darapuneni, Michael O’Neill. Relationship between Relative Maturity and Grain Yield of Maize (Zea mays L.) Hybrids in Northwest New Mexico for the 2003–2019 Period. Agriculture. 2020; 10 (7):290.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Koffi Djaman; Curtis Owen; Margaret West; Samuel Allen; Komlan Koudahe; Murali Darapuneni; Michael O’Neill. 2020. "Relationship between Relative Maturity and Grain Yield of Maize (Zea mays L.) Hybrids in Northwest New Mexico for the 2003–2019 Period." Agriculture 10, no. 7: 290.

Journal article
Published: 16 June 2020 in Water
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Alfalfa is one of the most nutritive and high-yielding forage legumes planted in rotation with cereal crops across the United States. Under semiarid and arid climates with limited water resources, sustainable management of the available resources is required. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different irrigation regimes and fungicide applications on alfalfa in the high desert region of the Colorado Plateau of the U.S. Field experiments were conducted during the 2012–2014 period. Alfalfa was planted in fall 2012, uniformly irrigated for crop establishment and subjected to seven different irrigation regimes after the first cut in spring 2013. Alfalfa was treated by fungicide application and was harvested at 10% blooming. The maximum amounts of applied water were 350, 300, 208, and 312 mm, respectively, during the first, second, third, and fourth regrowth cycles in 2013, and 373, 282, 198, and 246 mm in 2014 for the respective regrowth cycles in 2014; the seasonal applied irrigation amount varied from 711 to 1171 mm in 2013 and from 328 to 1100 mm in 2014. The results showed non-significant effect of fungicide application on the forage yield. Alfalfa forage yield was significantly affected by the irrigation regimes and showed a third order polynomial relationship with the applied irrigation amounts during each regrowth cycle and on seasonal scale. Forage yield decreased from the first cut to the fourth cut and the annual forage varied from 10.6 to 25.7 Mg/ha for the treated alfalfa and from 11.5 to 25.6 Mg/ha for the non-treated alfalfa. Forage yield at each cut accounted for 39.6, 24.2, 17.6, and 18.6% of the 2013 season forage yield and 31.4, 23.8, 21.6, and 23.2% of the 2014 season forage yield, for the first, second, third, and fourth cut, respectively. Alfalfa water use efficiency varied from 0.06 to 3.3 kg/m3. The relationships developed in this study could be used by forage growers, crop consultants, and project managers for decision making and planning to improve the productivity of water under the semiarid and arid climate of New Mexico and the surrounding regions.

ACS Style

Koffi Djaman; Daniel Smeal; Komlan Koudahe; Samuel Allen. Hay Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Alfalfa under Different Irrigation and Fungicide Regimes in a Semiarid Climate. Water 2020, 12, 1721 .

AMA Style

Koffi Djaman, Daniel Smeal, Komlan Koudahe, Samuel Allen. Hay Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Alfalfa under Different Irrigation and Fungicide Regimes in a Semiarid Climate. Water. 2020; 12 (6):1721.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Koffi Djaman; Daniel Smeal; Komlan Koudahe; Samuel Allen. 2020. "Hay Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Alfalfa under Different Irrigation and Fungicide Regimes in a Semiarid Climate." Water 12, no. 6: 1721.

Journal article
Published: 19 January 2020 in Agronomy
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Alfalfa is one of the most important, nutritive, and high yielding forage legumes planted across the US. Fall dormancy in alfalfa influences forage yield characteristics and the plants persistence mostly under the cold and temperate climate. The objective of this study was to evaluate alfalfa cultivars with different fall dormancy-ratings for their forage yield at each cut and the annual forage yield. Two sets of 24 alfalfa cultivars were evaluated in a field experiment conducted at the Agricultural Science Center at Farmington, NM. The first set of 24 cultivars was planted late fall 2007 at seeding rate of 22.4 kg ha−1 and managed for the 2007–2011 period and the second set was planted late fall 2009 and managed during the 2009–2013 period. Average forage yield varied with years from 7.6 to 2.9 Mg ha−1, 6.8 to 4.3 Mg ha−1, 9.2 to 4.2 Mg ha−1, and 7.9 to 3.2 Mg ha−1 during the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th alfalfa cut, respectively. The results showed no statistical differences between the moderately dormant, dormant, and the non-dormant alfalfa cultivars while they showed higher forage yield than the very dormant and semi-dormant alfalfa cultivars. There was a decreasing trend in forage yield from the first cut to the fourth cut in each growing season. However, the very dormant cultivars showed the lowest forage yield. Alfalfa forage yield decreased from the cut 1 to the cut 4 which represented on average 33, 29, 22, and 16% of the annual yield. The semi-dormant cultivars obtained the lowest forage yield at the first and second cutting while there was no difference between the cultivars for the third and fourth harvests. Average forage yields per harvest were 5.7, 5.9, 6.0, 5.5, and 5.9 Mg ha−1 for the very dormant, dormant, moderately dormant, semi-dormant, and non-dormant alfalfa cultivars, respectively. Annual forage yield varied with alfalfa fall dormancy-ratings and ranged from 15.5 to 29.9 Mg ha−1 with the highest forage yield achieved during the third years of the production. The moderately dormant and the non-dormant cultivars showed the highest yield during the first harvest year while the very dormant cultivars and dormant cultivars had the lowest forage yield. Alfalfa cultivars with a fall dormancy range 4–5 may be considered for alfalfa production in northwest New Mexico however, the good agricultural practices (conservation tillage, fertilizer management based on soil residual available nutrient and crop requirement, recommended planting rate, weed and pest management, irrigation scheduling to match crop evapotranspiration) should be the most important to maximize alfalfa forage yield in the southwest US.

ACS Style

Koffi Djaman; Curtis Owen; Komlan Koudahe; Michael O’Neill. Evaluation of Different Fall Dormancy-Rating Alfalfa Cultivars for Forage Yield in a Semiarid Environment. Agronomy 2020, 10, 146 .

AMA Style

Koffi Djaman, Curtis Owen, Komlan Koudahe, Michael O’Neill. Evaluation of Different Fall Dormancy-Rating Alfalfa Cultivars for Forage Yield in a Semiarid Environment. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (1):146.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Koffi Djaman; Curtis Owen; Komlan Koudahe; Michael O’Neill. 2020. "Evaluation of Different Fall Dormancy-Rating Alfalfa Cultivars for Forage Yield in a Semiarid Environment." Agronomy 10, no. 1: 146.

Journal article
Published: 19 December 2019 in Insects
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Potato psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli) is one of the most important pests in potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) due to its feeding behavior and the transmission of a bacterium (Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum) that causes zebra chip disease, altering the quality of the potato tuber and the fried potato chip or french fry. This pest is thus a threat to the chip potato industry and often requires preventive measures including the use of costly insecticides. The objectives of this research were to monitor the variation in B. cockerelli adult abundance and to evaluate the risk of zebra chip disease in northwestern New Mexico, USA. Yellow sticky traps were used to collect the pest at the Agricultural Experiment Station at Farmington, NM and in nearby commercial fields at the Navajo Agricultural Products Industry (NAPI) and Navajo Mesa Farms during the 2017–2019 period. The collected adult pests were analyzed at Texas A & M University for the presence of Candidatus L. solanacearum (Lso). The results showed field infestation by B. cockerelli in early June and that the population peaked during the second half of July and decreased as the potato growing season progressed. However, a second less important peak of the pest was revealed around mid- to late-August, depending on the growing season and field. While the B. cockerelli population increased linearly with average air temperature, it showed strong third order polynomial relationships with the accumulated thermal units and the Julian days. The test of B. cockerelli for the Lso infection revealed a low incidence of the pathogen varying from 0.22% to 6.25% and the infected adult B. cockerelli were collected during the population peak period. The results of this study may be helpful to potato growers in pest management decision-making and control. However, more study is needed to evaluate zebra chip disease in terms of its prevention and economic impact, and to develop economic thresholds and pest management programs for northwestern New Mexico and neighboring regions.

ACS Style

Koffi Djaman; Charles Higgins; Shantel Begay; Komlan Koudahe; Samuel Allen; Kevin Lombard; Michael O’Neill. Seasonal Occurrence of Potato Psyllid (Bactericera Cockerelli) and Risk of Zebra Chip Pathogen (Candidatus Liberibacter Solanacearum) in Northwestern New Mexico. Insects 2019, 11, 3 .

AMA Style

Koffi Djaman, Charles Higgins, Shantel Begay, Komlan Koudahe, Samuel Allen, Kevin Lombard, Michael O’Neill. Seasonal Occurrence of Potato Psyllid (Bactericera Cockerelli) and Risk of Zebra Chip Pathogen (Candidatus Liberibacter Solanacearum) in Northwestern New Mexico. Insects. 2019; 11 (1):3.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Koffi Djaman; Charles Higgins; Shantel Begay; Komlan Koudahe; Samuel Allen; Kevin Lombard; Michael O’Neill. 2019. "Seasonal Occurrence of Potato Psyllid (Bactericera Cockerelli) and Risk of Zebra Chip Pathogen (Candidatus Liberibacter Solanacearum) in Northwestern New Mexico." Insects 11, no. 1: 3.

Original paper
Published: 17 September 2018 in Theoretical and Applied Climatology
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Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) is an important parameter in hydrological, agricultural, and environmental studies. Accurate estimation of ETo helps to improve water management and increase water productivity and efficiency. While the Penman-Monteith ETo equation enjoys worldwide adoption as the most accurate ETo equation, the number of requested climatic variables makes its application very questionable under limited data conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the Penman-Monteith ETo equation under limited climatic data and 34 simple ETo equations that request few climatic variables. Five weather stations were considered under the semiarid and dry climate across New Mexico for the period of 2009–2017. The Penman-Monteith ETo equation showed good performance under missing solar radiation, relative humidity, and wind speed and could still be adapted under limited data conditions across New Mexico. However, it tended to underestimate daily ETo when more than one climatic variable data is missing. Among the simple ETo equations, four of the Valiantzas equations, along with the Makkink, Calibrated Hargreaves, Abtew, Jensen-Haise, and Caprio equations, were the best performing ones compared to the Penman-Monteith equation and could be the best alternative ETo estimation methods. These alternative equations could be used by irrigation managers, producers, engineers, and university researchers to improve water management across the dry semiarid and arid zone across New Mexico, as well as other semiarid areas where water is the most limiting factor to food and fiber production.

ACS Style

Koffi Djaman; Michael O’Neill; Lamine Diop; Ansoumana Bodian; Samuel Allen; Komlan Koudahe; Kevin Lombard. Evaluation of the Penman-Monteith and other 34 reference evapotranspiration equations under limited data in a semiarid dry climate. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 2018, 137, 729 -743.

AMA Style

Koffi Djaman, Michael O’Neill, Lamine Diop, Ansoumana Bodian, Samuel Allen, Komlan Koudahe, Kevin Lombard. Evaluation of the Penman-Monteith and other 34 reference evapotranspiration equations under limited data in a semiarid dry climate. Theoretical and Applied Climatology. 2018; 137 (1-2):729-743.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Koffi Djaman; Michael O’Neill; Lamine Diop; Ansoumana Bodian; Samuel Allen; Komlan Koudahe; Kevin Lombard. 2018. "Evaluation of the Penman-Monteith and other 34 reference evapotranspiration equations under limited data in a semiarid dry climate." Theoretical and Applied Climatology 137, no. 1-2: 729-743.

Original article
Published: 29 June 2018 in Modeling Earth Systems and Environment
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The objectives of this study were to assess the accuracy of FAO Penman Monteith equation (FAO PM) under limited data conditions and to perform sensitivity analysis to determine approximately the change in reference evapotranspiration (ETref) expected for a known change in one of the independent variables and derive the sensitivity coefficient. Meteorological data were collected from 8 weather stations under humid and semiarid condition in Côte d’Ivoire. The results showed good performance of FAO PM equation under missing solar radiation (Rs) in semiarid condition and under missing wind speed data (U2) and relative humidity (RH) in all locations with coefficient of determination (R2) ranging from 0.70 to 0.99 and regression slope from 0.99 to 1.05. Under missing Rs, RMSE varied from 0.45 to 0.48 mm/day and AME from 0.30 to 0.35 mm/day. The RMSE and AME vary respectively from 0.12 to 0.51 mm/day and from 0.09 to 0.30 mm/day under missing RH data, and respectively from 0.11 to 0.60 mm/day and 0.04 to 0.34 mm/day under missing wind speed data. The poor performance of FAO PM method to estimate ETo was observed when three climatic variables were missing with regression slope from 0.93 to 1.06 and R2 from − 0.06 to 0.26. The response of ETo to changes in all climate variables was linear, with high R2 values (≥ 0.99) in most cases. Any error in Rs, maximum temperature (Tmax) data would have contributed to significant change in ETo estimate. The effect of Rs on change in ETo estimates had the greatest slope (≥ 2.80) in Bouake, Daloa, Korhogo, Man, Seguela whereas it had the lowest slope in Ferkessedougou (slope = 2.74), Odienne (slope = 2.73), Yamoussoukro (slope = 2.77). The effect of Tmax in change in ETo was also important in all location except Daloa and Man with low regression slope values of 1.63, 1.74, respectively. All sensitivity coefficients showed a large degree of daily and seasonal fluctuations and revealed significant differences in northern and central study locations. The sensitivity coefficients of U2 and Tmax were greatest under semiarid condition while the one of Rs were very high in humid condition. Accurate measuring of U2, Tmax and Rs in estimating reference evapotranspiration using Penman–Monteith equation is required.

ACS Style

Komlan Koudahe; Koffi Djaman; Johnson K. Adewumi. Evaluation of the Penman–Monteith reference evapotranspiration under limited data and its sensitivity to key climatic variables under humid and semiarid conditions. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment 2018, 4, 1239 -1257.

AMA Style

Komlan Koudahe, Koffi Djaman, Johnson K. Adewumi. Evaluation of the Penman–Monteith reference evapotranspiration under limited data and its sensitivity to key climatic variables under humid and semiarid conditions. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment. 2018; 4 (3):1239-1257.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Komlan Koudahe; Koffi Djaman; Johnson K. Adewumi. 2018. "Evaluation of the Penman–Monteith reference evapotranspiration under limited data and its sensitivity to key climatic variables under humid and semiarid conditions." Modeling Earth Systems and Environment 4, no. 3: 1239-1257.

Journal article
Published: 16 June 2018 in Agronomy
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A long-term field experiment was conducted from 2002 to 2014 for the evaluation of yield and water productivity of three winter wheat varieties—Kharkof, Scout 66, and TAM107—under sprinkler irrigation at New Mexico State University Agricultural Science Center at Farmington, NM. Winter wheat daily evapotranspiration was estimated following the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization FAO crop coefficient approach (ETc = Kc ETo), and crop water use efficiency (CWUE), evapotranspiration water use efficiency (ETWUE), and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) were estimated for each growing season. There was inter-annual variation in seasonal precipitation and irrigation amounts. Seasonal irrigation amounts varied from 511 to 787 mm and the total water supply varied from 590 to 894 mm with precipitation representing a range of 7.7–24.2%. Winter wheat daily actual evapotranspiration (ETc) varied from 0.1 to 14.5 mm/day, averaging 2.7 mm/day during the winter wheat growing seasons, and the seasonal evapotranspiration varied from 625 to 890 mm. Grain yield was dependent on winter wheat variety, decreased with years, and varied from 1843.1 to 7085.7 kg/ha. TAM107 obtained the highest grain yield. Winter wheat CWUE, IWUE, and ETWUE were also varietal dependent and varied from 0.22 to 1.01 kg/m3, from 0.26 to 1.17 kg/m3, and from 0.29 to 0.92 kg/m3, respectively. CWUE linearly decreased with seasonal water, and IWUE linearly decreased with seasonal irrigation amount, while CWUE, IWUE, and ETWUE were positively correlated with the grain yield for the three winter wheat varieties, with R2 ≥ 0.85 for CWUE, R2 ≥ 0.69 for IWUE, and R2 ≥ 0.89 for ETWUE. The results of this study can serve as guidelines for winter wheat production in the semiarid Four Corners regions. Additional research need to be conducted for optimizing winter wheat irrigation management relative to planting date and fertilization management to reduce the yield gap between winter wheat actual yield and the national average yield.

ACS Style

Koffi Djaman; Michael O’Neill; Curtis Owen; Daniel Smeal; Margaret West; Dallen Begay; Samuel Allen; Komlan Koudahe; Suat Irmak; Kevin Lombard. Long-Term Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Seasonal Irrigation Amount, Evapotranspiration, Yield, and Water Productivity under Semiarid Climate. Agronomy 2018, 8, 96 .

AMA Style

Koffi Djaman, Michael O’Neill, Curtis Owen, Daniel Smeal, Margaret West, Dallen Begay, Samuel Allen, Komlan Koudahe, Suat Irmak, Kevin Lombard. Long-Term Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Seasonal Irrigation Amount, Evapotranspiration, Yield, and Water Productivity under Semiarid Climate. Agronomy. 2018; 8 (6):96.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Koffi Djaman; Michael O’Neill; Curtis Owen; Daniel Smeal; Margaret West; Dallen Begay; Samuel Allen; Komlan Koudahe; Suat Irmak; Kevin Lombard. 2018. "Long-Term Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Seasonal Irrigation Amount, Evapotranspiration, Yield, and Water Productivity under Semiarid Climate." Agronomy 8, no. 6: 96.

Journal article
Published: 06 June 2018 in Agronomy
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Canola is a cash crop produced for its highly-valued seed, and as a protein source for animal feed. While winter canola is produced mainly in the high plains, it is expanding to new environments, and is greatly incorporated into crop systems with advantages in terms of increasing crop yield and improving soil health. The objectives of this study were to evaluate eight winter canola genotypes for seed yield, and to determine their water productivity under semiarid climates and high elevations in the Four Corners region at Farmington, New Mexico. A field experiment was conducted at the New Mexico State Agricultural Science Center at Farmington for five growing seasons. Eight genotypes of winter canola (Baldur, Flash, Safran, Sitro, Virginia, Visby, Wichita, and Sumner) were arranged into the randomized complete block design. The field was fully irrigated with a center pivot irrigation system. Results showed that winter canola seed yield was dependent on genotype, varying from 2393 to 5717 kg/ha. The highest yield was achieved by Sitro, and the lowest yield by Sumner. There was inter-annual variation in canola nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE), irrigation water-use efficiency (IWUE), and crop water-use efficiency (CWUE). NUE varied from 12.9 to 50.4 kg seed/kg N, with the highest NUE achieved by Sitro, and the lowest by Sumner. IWUE varied from 0.34 to 0.80 kg/m3, and canola CWUE from 0.28 to 0.69 kg/m3. The highest water productivity was achieved by Sitro. The results of this study showed full assessment of canola production under the semiarid climate in the Four Corners region, and could improve crop productivity and profitability.

ACS Style

Koffi Djaman; Michael O’Neill; Curtis Owen; Daniel Smeal; Margaret West; Dallen Begay; Sangamesh V. Angadi; Komlan Koudahe; Samuel Allen; Kevin Lombard. Seed Yield and Water Productivity of Irrigated Winter Canola (Brassica napus L.) under Semiarid Climate and High Elevation. Agronomy 2018, 8, 90 .

AMA Style

Koffi Djaman, Michael O’Neill, Curtis Owen, Daniel Smeal, Margaret West, Dallen Begay, Sangamesh V. Angadi, Komlan Koudahe, Samuel Allen, Kevin Lombard. Seed Yield and Water Productivity of Irrigated Winter Canola (Brassica napus L.) under Semiarid Climate and High Elevation. Agronomy. 2018; 8 (6):90.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Koffi Djaman; Michael O’Neill; Curtis Owen; Daniel Smeal; Margaret West; Dallen Begay; Sangamesh V. Angadi; Komlan Koudahe; Samuel Allen; Kevin Lombard. 2018. "Seed Yield and Water Productivity of Irrigated Winter Canola (Brassica napus L.) under Semiarid Climate and High Elevation." Agronomy 8, no. 6: 90.

Journal article
Published: 30 March 2018 in Water
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Under the semiarid climate of the Southwest United States, accurate estimation of crop water use is important for water management and planning under conservation agriculture. The objectives of this study were to estimate maize water use and water productivity in the Four Corners region of New Mexico. Maize was grown under full irrigation during the 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2017 seasons at the Agricultural Science Center at Farmington (NM). Seasonal amounts of applied irrigation varied from 576.6 to 1051.6 mm and averaged 837.7 mm and the total water supply varied from 693.4 to 1140.5 mm. Maize actual evapotranspiration was estimated using locally developed crop coefficient curve and the tabulated United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) crop coefficients, and from this maize water productivity was determined. Maize actual daily evapotranspiration (ETa) varied from 0.23 to 10.2 mm and the seasonal ETa varied with year and ranged from 634.2 to 697.7 mm averaging 665.3 mm by the local Kc curve, from 687.3 to 739.3 mm averaging 717.8 mm by the non-adjusted FAO Kc values, and from 715.8 to 779.6 mm averaging 754.9 mm with the FAO adjusted Kc values. Maize irrigation requirements varied from 758.4 to 848.3 mm and averaged 800.2 mm using the local developed Kc and varied from 835.5 to 935.6 mm and averaged 912.2 mm using FAO Kc. The net irrigation requirement varied from 606.8 to 678.6 using local Kc curve, and from 682.78 to 748.5 mm when adopting the FAO Kc values. Average irrigation requirement was 641 mm under the local Kc option and 730 mm under FAO Kc values option. Maize crop water use efficiency (CWUE) ranged from 1.3 to 1.9 kg/m3 and averaged 1.53 kg/m3, evapotranspiration water use efficiency (ETWUE) values were higher than CWUE and varied from 2.0 to 2.3 kg/m3, averaging 2.1 kg/m3. Maize irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) was varied with years and averaged 1.74 kg/m3. There were strong relationships between maize CWUE and maize seasonal irrigation amounts of IWUE and the seasonal irrigation amounts with R2 of 0.97 and 0.92, respectively. Maize CWUE increased linearly with maize IWUE with a coefficient of determination R2 of 0.99, while IWUE showed a strong quadratic relationship with ETWUE (R2 = 0.94). The results of this study can be used as a guideline for maize water management under the semiarid conditions in northwestern New Mexico and other locations with similar climate and management conditions. Irrigation requirements for maize should be adjusted to the local meteorological conditions for optimizing maize irrigation requirement and improving maize water productivity.

ACS Style

Koffi Djaman; Michael O’Neill; Curtis K. Owen; Daniel Smeal; Komlan Koudahe; Margaret West; Samuel Allen; Kevin Lombard; Suat Irmak. Crop Evapotranspiration, Irrigation Water Requirement and Water Productivity of Maize from Meteorological Data under Semiarid Climate. Water 2018, 10, 405 .

AMA Style

Koffi Djaman, Michael O’Neill, Curtis K. Owen, Daniel Smeal, Komlan Koudahe, Margaret West, Samuel Allen, Kevin Lombard, Suat Irmak. Crop Evapotranspiration, Irrigation Water Requirement and Water Productivity of Maize from Meteorological Data under Semiarid Climate. Water. 2018; 10 (4):405.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Koffi Djaman; Michael O’Neill; Curtis K. Owen; Daniel Smeal; Komlan Koudahe; Margaret West; Samuel Allen; Kevin Lombard; Suat Irmak. 2018. "Crop Evapotranspiration, Irrigation Water Requirement and Water Productivity of Maize from Meteorological Data under Semiarid Climate." Water 10, no. 4: 405.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2018 in Agricultural Sciences
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Spring oat (Avena sativa) is produced for grain, hay, and green manure and can be integrated into a cropping system as a cover crop. Twenty-eight oat genotypes (G1, G2, G3, …., G28), selected for their adaptability to the Southwestern United States, were evaluated for their yield performance under sprinkler irrigation during four growing seasons (2005-2008) at the Agricultural Science Center at Farmington, New Mexico State University. The genotypes were arranged in randomized complete blocs design with four replications. Irrigation scheduling was based on evapotranspiration and the depletion criterion of 40% to 45% total available water (TAW) was practiced to prevent the plants from experiencing any water stress. Crop evapotranspiration estimated by the FAO crop coefficient and reference evapotranspiration approach was low about 2 mm/day during crop initial stage and increased with plant growth and reached the maximum during crop mid-season or reproductive stage. It decreased during crop late season. Daily crop evapotranspiration varied from 0.5 to 12.6 mm in 2008 and the seasonal Spring oat evapotranspiration varied from 535.8 to 591 mm. Averaged across the four growing seasons, oat evapotranspiration was 570.4 mm. The results showed that Spring oat plant height varied significantly with genotypes and ranged from 59.1 to 100.8 cm. Oat grain yield significantly varied with years and genotypes. Grain yield varied from 3386 to 6498 kg/ha and average yield was 4245, 4265, 5477, and 4025 kg/ha during the 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively. The best performing genotypes were G1, G2, G7, G19, G20, G21 and G23 with average yield greater than 4800 kg/ha while G3, G13, G17 and G27 showed the lowest yield among the genotypes. Oat crop water use efficiency (CWUE) varied with genotype and years and ranged from 0.53 to 1.07 kg/m3 and averaged 0.65, 0.78, 0.91 and 0.70 kg/m3 in 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively. The highest CWUE was achieved by G19 and the lowest CWUE was obtained by G13. Irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) which represents the quantity of yield produced per cubic meter of water, varied from 0.57 to 1.20 kg/m3 while evapotranspiration water use efficiency (ETWUE) varied with genotype and year and ranged from 0.57 to 1.21 kg/m3 with the overall IWUE mean of 0.83 kg/m3 and ETWUE mean of 0.81 kg/m3.

ACS Style

Koffi Djaman; Michael O’Neill; Curtis Owen; Komlan Koudahe; Kevin Lombard. Evapotranspiration, Grain Yield, and Water Productivity of Spring Oat (Avena sativa L.) under Semiarid Climate. Agricultural Sciences 2018, 09, 1188 -1204.

AMA Style

Koffi Djaman, Michael O’Neill, Curtis Owen, Komlan Koudahe, Kevin Lombard. Evapotranspiration, Grain Yield, and Water Productivity of Spring Oat (Avena sativa L.) under Semiarid Climate. Agricultural Sciences. 2018; 09 (09):1188-1204.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Koffi Djaman; Michael O’Neill; Curtis Owen; Komlan Koudahe; Kevin Lombard. 2018. "Evapotranspiration, Grain Yield, and Water Productivity of Spring Oat (Avena sativa L.) under Semiarid Climate." Agricultural Sciences 09, no. 09: 1188-1204.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2018 in Environment Pollution and Climate Change
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The objectives of this study were to investigate the trend in monthly and annual precipitation, minimum and maximum air temperature using the Mann-Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimator and to evaluate the impact of precipitation and temperature variability on crop yields in southern Togo using multiple regression analysis. Monthly precipitation and temperature for four weather stations were collected from 1970 to 2014. A non-significant increasing trend in annual precipitation (P>0.05) was noticed in Atakpamé, Lomé and Tabligbo, while Kouma-konda revealed a non-significant decreasing trend (P>0.05). During the growing season, July had the highest precipitation (208.7 mm) in Atakpamé, June had the highest precipitation in Lome (198.5 mm) and Tabligbo (158.7 mm). Amongst the locations, Kouma-konda has the highest monthly precipitation (226.2 mm) obtained in June. There was a significant increasing trend (P<0.0001) in Tmin and Tmax at all locations except in Kouma-konda where Tmax has decreased insignificantly. In Atakpame and Tabligbo, the precipitation and temperature have non-significant effect on the crop yields with very low coefficient of determination ranging from 0.024 to 0.107. In Kouma-konda, the increase of temperature has significant effect on maize and bean. Therefore, climate projection studies and adaptation strategies for agriculture are recommended for yield stability in locations where crops are affected by climatic variability.

ACS Style

Koudahe K; Koffi D; Kayode Ja; Awokola So; Adebola Aa. Impact of Climate Variability on Crop Yields in Southern Togo. Environment Pollution and Climate Change 2018, 2, 1 -9.

AMA Style

Koudahe K, Koffi D, Kayode Ja, Awokola So, Adebola Aa. Impact of Climate Variability on Crop Yields in Southern Togo. Environment Pollution and Climate Change. 2018; 2 (1):1-9.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Koudahe K; Koffi D; Kayode Ja; Awokola So; Adebola Aa. 2018. "Impact of Climate Variability on Crop Yields in Southern Togo." Environment Pollution and Climate Change 2, no. 1: 1-9.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2017 in Atmospheric and Climate Sciences
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Rainfall and evapotranspiration are two vital elements for food production under rainfed agriculture. This study aims at investigating the combined changes in these variables in the form of aridly index in the southern Senegal. The temporal trends in annual and monthly (from May to October) aridity index, rainfall and evapotranspiration are examined and adaptation strategies to the vulnerability of rainfed rice cultivation to the changes are developed. The results show a significant decreasing trend in annual rainfall at all study locations for the period 1922-2015. When analyzing the trends in sub-periods, there are two clear patterns in the annual rainfall series: a decreasing trend for the period 1922-1979 and a reversal increasing trend for the period 1980-2015. An increasing trend is also observed in annual reference evapotranspiration. The results reveal that the region will be drier with a significant increase in aridity at the annual and most monthly series. Appropriate adaptation strategies should be implemented to diminish the adverse influence of the increasing aridity on rice productivity for a sustainable agriculture.

ACS Style

Komlan Koudahe; Koffi Djaman; Ansoumana Bodian; Suat Irmak; Mamadou Sall; Lamine Diop; Alpha B. Balde; Daran R. Rudnick. Trend Analysis in Rainfall, Reference Evapotranspiration and Aridity Index in Southern Senegal: Adaptation to the Vulnerability of Rainfed Rice Cultivation to Climate Change. Atmospheric and Climate Sciences 2017, 07, 476 -495.

AMA Style

Komlan Koudahe, Koffi Djaman, Ansoumana Bodian, Suat Irmak, Mamadou Sall, Lamine Diop, Alpha B. Balde, Daran R. Rudnick. Trend Analysis in Rainfall, Reference Evapotranspiration and Aridity Index in Southern Senegal: Adaptation to the Vulnerability of Rainfed Rice Cultivation to Climate Change. Atmospheric and Climate Sciences. 2017; 07 (04):476-495.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Komlan Koudahe; Koffi Djaman; Ansoumana Bodian; Suat Irmak; Mamadou Sall; Lamine Diop; Alpha B. Balde; Daran R. Rudnick. 2017. "Trend Analysis in Rainfall, Reference Evapotranspiration and Aridity Index in Southern Senegal: Adaptation to the Vulnerability of Rainfed Rice Cultivation to Climate Change." Atmospheric and Climate Sciences 07, no. 04: 476-495.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2017 in Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection
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Trend analysis was performed for the long-term measured pan evaporation and estimated pan coefficient for 4 meteorological stations during 1976-2011 in Togo. Measured pan evaporation was recorded at four meteorological stations in Togo for the global period of 1976 to 2011 at Lome, Tabligbo, Atakpame, and Sokode. ETo was estimated using the Penman-Monteith model. The Mann-Kendall test was used for trend analysis. The results showed that annual Epan varied from 1803 to 2081 mm at Lome, from 1294 to 1496 mm at Tabligbo, from 1605 to 1974 mm at Atakpame and from 1839 to 1990 mm at Sokode. It had significant increasing trend at Lome, Tabligbo, and Sokode and a negative trend at Atakpame. Monthly Epan varied from 137 to 197 mm at Lome, 89 to 149 mm at Tabligbo, 137 to 214 mm at Atakpame and from 137 to 190 mm at Sokode. At Lome, Kpan varied from 0.61 to 1.17 and averaged 0.81. At Tabligbo, Kpan varied from 0.59 to 0.98 and averaged 0.75. At Atakpame, Kpan varied from 0.5 to 2.0 and averaged 1.12. At Sokode, Kpan varied from 0.43 to 1.92 and averaged 0.98. Monthly mean Kpan is recommended for use in hydrological studies, irrigation scheduling and water management in Togo.

ACS Style

Koffi Djaman; Komlan Koudahe; Komla Kyky Ganyo. Trend Analysis in Annual and Monthly Pan Evaporation and Pan Coefficient in the Context of Climate Change in Togo. Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2017, 05, 41 -56.

AMA Style

Koffi Djaman, Komlan Koudahe, Komla Kyky Ganyo. Trend Analysis in Annual and Monthly Pan Evaporation and Pan Coefficient in the Context of Climate Change in Togo. Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection. 2017; 05 (12):41-56.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Koffi Djaman; Komlan Koudahe; Komla Kyky Ganyo. 2017. "Trend Analysis in Annual and Monthly Pan Evaporation and Pan Coefficient in the Context of Climate Change in Togo." Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 05, no. 12: 41-56.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2017 in Journal of Water Resource and Protection
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Reference evapotranspiration is very important parameter in the hydrological, agricultural and environmental studies and is accurately estimated by the FAO Penman-Monteith equation (FAO-PM) under different climatic conditions. However, due to data requirement of the FAO-PM equation, there is a need to investigate the applicability of alternative ETo equations under limited data. The objectives of this study were to evaluate twelve mass transfer based reference evapotranspiration equations and determine the impact of ETo equation on long term water management sustainability in Tanzania and Kenya. The results showed that the Albrecht, Brockamp-Wenner, Dalto, Meyer, Rohwer and Oudin ETo equations systematically overestimated the daily ETo at all weather stations with relative errors that varied from 34% to 94% relative to the FAO-PM ETo estimates. The Penman, Mahringer, Trabert, and the Romanenko equations performed best across Tanzania and the South Western Kenya with root mean squared errors ranging from 0.98 to 1.48 mm/day, which are relatively high and mean bias error (MBE) varying from -0.33 to 0.02 mm/day and the absolute mean error (AME) from 0.79 to 1.16 mm/day. For sustainable water management, the Trabert equation could be adopted at Songea, the Mahringer equation at Tabora, the Dalton and/or the Rohwer equations at Eldoret, the Romanenko equation at Dodoma, Songea and Eldoret. However, regional calibration of the most performing equation could improve water management at regional level.

ACS Style

Koffi Djaman; Komlan Koudahe; Mamadou Sall; Isa Kabenge; Daran Rudnick; Suat Irmak. Performance of Twelve Mass Transfer Based Reference Evapotranspiration Models under Humid Climate. Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2017, 09, 1347 -1363.

AMA Style

Koffi Djaman, Komlan Koudahe, Mamadou Sall, Isa Kabenge, Daran Rudnick, Suat Irmak. Performance of Twelve Mass Transfer Based Reference Evapotranspiration Models under Humid Climate. Journal of Water Resource and Protection. 2017; 09 (12):1347-1363.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Koffi Djaman; Komlan Koudahe; Mamadou Sall; Isa Kabenge; Daran Rudnick; Suat Irmak. 2017. "Performance of Twelve Mass Transfer Based Reference Evapotranspiration Models under Humid Climate." Journal of Water Resource and Protection 09, no. 12: 1347-1363.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2017 in Journal of Water Resource and Protection
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The objectives of this study were to evaluate the performance of the FAO Penman Monteith reference evapotranspiration model under limited data and some mine temperature methods of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) under the semiarid and arid conditions in Mali. The results showed that under limited data conditions, the FAO-PM equation achieved accurate estimation of daily ETo when solar radiation, relative humidity, and wind speed are lacking individually with root mean squared errors (RMSE) averaging 0.52, 0.56 and 0.62 mm/day, respectively. Much more accurate ETo was estimated under relative humidity and wind speed missing data conditions with RMSE varying from 0.20 to 0.58 mm/day and average RE, MBE and MAE of 6.7%, -0.25 mm/day and 0.30 mm/day. The Jensen-Haise equation systematically overestimated ETo while the Hansen, Christiansen, and Irmak, and the two Tabari’s equations underestimated ETo at all weather stations. The Abtew equation showed the best performance among the selected ETo equations.

ACS Style

Koffi Djaman; Komlan Koudahe; Christopher Oluwakunmi Akinbile; Suat Irmak. Evaluation of Eleven Reference Evapotranspiration Models in Semiarid Conditions. Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2017, 09, 1469 -1490.

AMA Style

Koffi Djaman, Komlan Koudahe, Christopher Oluwakunmi Akinbile, Suat Irmak. Evaluation of Eleven Reference Evapotranspiration Models in Semiarid Conditions. Journal of Water Resource and Protection. 2017; 09 (12):1469-1490.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Koffi Djaman; Komlan Koudahe; Christopher Oluwakunmi Akinbile; Suat Irmak. 2017. "Evaluation of Eleven Reference Evapotranspiration Models in Semiarid Conditions." Journal of Water Resource and Protection 09, no. 12: 1469-1490.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2017 in Atmospheric and Climate Sciences
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Rainfall and temperature are climatic variables mostly affected by global warming. This study aimed to investigate the temporal trend analysis in annual temperature and rainfall in the Southern Togo for the 1970-2014 period. Daily and annual rainfall and temperature were collected from four weather stations at Atakpame, Kouma-Konda, Lome, and Tabligbo. The temperature variability was determined by the Standardized Anomaly Index (SAI) and the annual rainfall variability was determined using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). The Mann-Kendall test was used for trend analysis. Mann-Kendall statistical test for the mean annual, mean annual minimum and maximum temperature from 1970 to 2014 showed significant warming trends for all stations except Kouma-Konda where mean annual maximum temperature had exhibited non significant cooling trend (P = 0.01). For Standardized Precipitation Index in the 12-month time scale, dry tendency dominates Atakpamé (55.7%) and Kouma-Konda (55.5%) while wet tendency dominates slightly Lomé (50.9%) and Tabligbo (51.4%). The Mann-Kendall test revealed an increasing trend in standardized anomaly index at all the sites, prejudicial to rainfed agriculture practiced by about 90% of Togolese crop growers. The trend analysis in the climate variables indicated a change in climate that necessitates some specific actions for resources management sustainability and conservation.

ACS Style

Komlan Koudahe; Adewumi J. Kayode; Awokola O. Samson; Adekunle A. Adebola; Koffi Djaman. Trend Analysis in Standardized Precipitation Index and Standardized Anomaly Index in the Context of Climate Change in Southern Togo. Atmospheric and Climate Sciences 2017, 07, 401 -423.

AMA Style

Komlan Koudahe, Adewumi J. Kayode, Awokola O. Samson, Adekunle A. Adebola, Koffi Djaman. Trend Analysis in Standardized Precipitation Index and Standardized Anomaly Index in the Context of Climate Change in Southern Togo. Atmospheric and Climate Sciences. 2017; 07 (04):401-423.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Komlan Koudahe; Adewumi J. Kayode; Awokola O. Samson; Adekunle A. Adebola; Koffi Djaman. 2017. "Trend Analysis in Standardized Precipitation Index and Standardized Anomaly Index in the Context of Climate Change in Southern Togo." Atmospheric and Climate Sciences 07, no. 04: 401-423.